Jet-Induced Blood Release From Human Fingertips: A Single-Blind, Randomized, Crossover Trial

Abstract

Background: Lancet pricks are often poorly received by individuals with diabetes; jet injection may allow lancet-free blood sampling. We examine whether the technique of jet injection can release sufficient blood from the fingertip to enable measurement of blood glucose concentration. In addition, we assess the effect of jet shape and cross-sectional area on fluid release, blood dilution, and perceived pain. Methods: A randomized, single-blind, crossover study was conducted on 20 healthy volunteers who received interventions on four fingertips: a lancet prick, and jet injection of a small quantity of saline solution through three differently shaped and sized nozzles. Released fluid volume, blood concentration, and glucose concentration were assessed immediately after the intervention. Pain perception and duration, and any skin reactions, were evaluated both immediately and 24 hours after the intervention. Results: Jet injection released sufficient blood from the fingertip to conduct a glucose measurement. A slot-shaped nozzle released the most blood, although less than a lancet, with slightly higher pain. The blood glucose levels estimated from the extracted fluid showed a mean absolute percentage error of 25%. There was no consistent evidence that a jet injection leads to different skin reactions at the intervention site relative to a lancet prick. Conclusions: Fingertip penetration by jet injection can release a volume of fluid sufficient for blood glucose measurement. Jet injection with a slot-shaped nozzle and/or a nozzle with larger outlet area helps to release more fluid. This technique may enable blood sampling, glucose concentration measurement, and insulin delivery to be performed in a single device.