Modern Competing Flames Model for Composite Ammonium Perchlorate/Hydroxyl-Terminated Polybutadiene Propellant Combustion

Abstract

The competing flames model, also termed the Beckstead–Derr–Price model, for steady-state heterogeneous propellant combustion has been widely used but has not been sufficiently updated in decades or compared to modern propellant combustion databases. In the current study, historical competing flames modeling approaches were thoroughly documented; and an improved framework was outlined and updated to include several improvements, such as variable flame temperatures, specific heat capacities, and latent heat terms. Model parameters were initially taken from previous literature, but the fuel and diffusion flame parameters were optimized based on a compiled database of unimodal propellant burning rates from the literature spanning a wide range of ammonium perchlorate (AP) particle sizes ([Formula: see text]), AP mass concentrations (70–87.5%), and combustion pressures (0.7–20.7 MPa). The improved model was compared to AP monopropellant, unimodal, and multimodal propellant burning rate databases from the literature. General dependencies of the burning rate-to-oxidizer concentration and size were accurately captured. The predictive capability of the improved model for AP monopropellant burning rates and unimodal propellant formulations was excellent, where the only significant discrepancies were noted for very fine AP particles ([Formula: see text]). Model predictions for multimodal formulations were moderate and could be improved by alternative pseudopropellant apportionment and statistical accounting schemes.