Perivascular SPP1 Mediates Microglial Engulfment of Synapses in Alzheimer’s Disease Models

Abstract

SummaryMicroglia are phagocytes of the brain parenchyma, where they interact with neurons to engulf synapses in a context-dependent manner. Genetic studies in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) highlight dysfunctional phagocytic signaling in myeloid cells as disease-associated pathway. In AD models, there is a region-specific reactivation of microglia-synapse phagocytosis involving complement; however, what drives microglia-synapse engulfment remains unknown. Here, we show that SPP1 (Osteopontin), a glycoprotein associated with inflammation, is regionally upregulated and modulates microglial synaptic engulfment in AD mouse models. Ultrastructural examination revealed SPP1 expression predominantly by perivascular macrophages, a subtype of border-associated macrophages, in the hippocampus of mice and patient tissues. Cell-cell interaction networks of single-cell transcriptomics data suggested that perivascular SPP1 drives microglial functional states in the hippocampal microenvironment of AD mice. Absence of Spp1 expression resulted in failure of microglia to mediate synaptic phagocytosis. This study suggests a critical role for perivascular SPP1 in neuroimmune crosstalk in AD-relevant context.