Bacterial biofilm formation on soil fungi: a widespread ability under controls

Abstract

AbstractIn natural environments, bacteria preferentially live in biofilms that they build on abiotic surfaces but also on living tissues. Although fungi form extensive networks of hyphae within soils and thus could provide immense surfaces for bacteria to build biofilms and to proliferate, the extent on such phenomenon and the consequences for the fitness of both microorganisms is poorly known in soils. Here, we analyzed the process of formation of biofilms by various bacteria on hyphae of soil fungi in anin vitrosetting using confocal and electron microscopy. We showed that the ability to form biofilms on fungal hyphae is widely shared among soil bacteria. In contrast, some fungi, mainly belonging to the Ascomycete class, did not allow for the formation of bacterial biofilms on their surfaces. The formation of biofilms was also strongly modulated by the presence of tree roots and by the development of the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis, suggesting that biofilm formation does not occur randomly in soil but that it is highly regulated by several biotic factors. Finally, our study led to the unexpected finding that networks of filaments made of extracellular DNA were used to build the skeleton of biofilms by a large array of bacteria.