Structural evidence for MADS-box type I family expansion seen in new assemblies ofA. arenosaandA. lyrata

Abstract

SummaryArabidopsis thalianadiverged fromA. arenosaandA. lyrataat least 6 million years ago and are identified by genome-wide polymorphisms or morphological traits. The species are to a high degree reproductively isolated, but hybridization barriers are incomplete. A special type of hybridization barrier is based in the triploid endosperm of the seed, where embryo lethality is caused by endosperm failure to support the developing embryo. The MADS-box type I family of transcription factors are specifically expressed in the endosperm and has been proposed to play a role in endosperm-based hybridization barriers. The gene family is well known for a high evolutionary duplication rate, as well as being regulated by genomic imprinting. Here we address MADS-box type I gene family evolution and the role of type I genes in the context of hybridization. Using twode-novoassembled and annotated chromosome-level genomes ofA. arenosaandA. lyratassp.petraeawe analyzed the MADS-box type I gene family inArabidopsisto predict orthologs, copy number and structural genomic variation related to the type I loci. Our findings were compared to gene expression profiles sampled before and after the transition to endosperm cellularization in order to investigate the involvement of MADS-box type I loci in endosperm-based hybridization barriers. We observed substantial differences in type-I expression betweenA. arenosaandA. lyratassp.petraeain the endosperm, suggesting a genetic cause for the endosperm-based hybridization barrier inA. arenosaandA. lyratassp.petraeahybrid seeds.