AFLOWERING LOCUS Tortholog is associated with photoperiod-insensitive flowering in hemp (Cannabis sativaL.)

Author:

Dowling Caroline A.ORCID,Shi JiaqiORCID,Toth Jacob A.ORCID,Quade Michael A.ORCID,Smart Lawrence B.ORCID,McCabe Paul F.ORCID,Melzer RainerORCID,Schilling SusanneORCID

Abstract

AbstractHemp (Cannabis sativaL.) is an extraordinarily versatile crop, with applications ranging from medicinal compounds to seed oil and fibre products.Cannabis sativais a short-day plant, and its flowering is tightly controlled by photoperiod. However, substantial genetic variation exists for photoperiod sensitivity inC. sativa,and photoperiod-insensitive (“autoflower”) cultivars are available.Using a bi-parental mapping population and bulked segregant analysis, we identifiedAutoflower2, a 0.5 Mbp locus significantly associated with photoperiod-insensitive flowering in hemp.Autoflower2contains an ortholog of the central flowering time regulatorFLOWERING LOCUS T(FT) fromArabidopsis thalianawhich we termedCsFT1. Extensive sequence divergence between alleles ofCsFT1was identified between photoperiod-sensitive and insensitive cultivars ofC. sativa, including a duplication ofCsFT1and sequence differences especially in introns. Genotyping of several mapping populations and a diversity panel confirmed a strong correlation betweenCsFT1alleles and photoperiod response as well as affirming that at least two independent loci for this agriculturally important trait,Autoflower1andAutoflower2, exist in theC. sativagene pool.This study reveals the multiple independent origins of photoperiod insensitivity inC. sativa,supporting the likelihood of a complex domestication history in this species. By integrating the genetic relaxation of photoperiod sensitivity into novelC. sativacultivars, expansion to higher latitudes will be permitted, thus allowing the full potential of this versatile crop to be reached.

Publisher

Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory

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