Deucravacitinib, a tyrosine kinase 2 pseudokinase inhibitor, protects human beta cells against proinflammatory insults

Abstract

AbstractAims/hypothesisType 1 diabetes is characterised by pancreatic islet inflammation and autoimmune-driven pancreatic beta cell destruction. Type I interferons, such as IFNα, are key players in early human type 1 diabetes pathogenesis, as the activation of the tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway induces inflammation, a long-lasting MHC class I overexpression, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and beta cell apoptosis (in synergy with IL-1β). As TYK2 inhibition has been suggested as a potential therapeutic target for the prevention or treatment of type 1 diabetes, we investigated whether the selective TYK2 inhibitor deucravacitinib could protect beta cells against the damaging effects of IFNα and other proinflammatory cytokines (i.e. IFNγ and IL-1β).MethodsInflammation, ER stress, and apoptosis were evaluated by real-time PCR, immunoblot, immunofluorescence, and nuclear dyes. The promoter activity was assessed by luciferase assay and insulin secretion and content by ELISA. All experiments were performed in the human EndoC- βH1 cell line.ResultsPre-treatment with deucravacitinib prevented IFNα effects, such as STAT1 and STAT2 phosphorylation and protein expression as well as MHC class I hyperexpression, in a dose-dependent manner without affecting beta cell survival and function. Comparison between deucravacitinib and two Janus kinase inhibitors, ruxolitinib and baricitinib, showed that deucravacitinib blocked IFNα- but not IFNγ-induced signalling pathway. Pre-treatment with deucravacitinib protected beta cells from the pro-apoptotic and proinflammatory effects of two different combinations of cytokines: IFNα + IL-1β and IFNγ + IL-1β. Moreover, this TYK2 inhibitor could partially revert apoptosis and inflammation in cells previously treated with IFNα + IL-1β or IFNγ + IL-1β.Conclusions/interpretationOur findings suggest that, by protecting beta cells against the deleterious effects of proinflammatory cytokines without affecting beta cell function and survival, deucravacitinib could be repurposed for the prevention or treatment of early type 1 diabetes.Research in contextWhat is already known about this subject?In type 1 diabetes, pancreatic beta cells are killed by the immune systemIn early insulitis, type I interferons are crucial for the dialogue between the immune system and pancreatic beta cellsActivation of the TYK2-STAT pathway by IFNα induces inflammation, HLA class I overexpression, ER stress, and beta cell apoptosis.What is the key question?Could the TYK2 inhibitor deucravacitinib prevent the deleterious effects of IFNα and other cytokines in beta cells?What are the new findings?Deucravacitinib prevented IFNα effects in a dose-dependent manner without affecting beta cell function and survivalPre-treatment with deucravacitinib protected beta cells against apoptosis and inflammation induced by two different combinations of cytokines: IFNα + IL-1β and IFNγ + IL-1βAddition of deucravacitinib to cells pre-treated with IFNα + IL-1β or IFNγ + IL-1β partially reverted apoptosis and inflammation induced by these cytokinesHow might this impact on clinical practice in the foreseeable future?Due to its protective effect against proinflammatory cytokines in beta cells, our findings suggest that deucravacitinib could be repurposed for the prevention or treatment of type 1 diabetes.