A-type lamins are critical for the recruitment of RPA and RAD51 to stalled replication forks to maintain fork stability

Abstract

ABSTRACTLamins provide a nuclear scaffold for compartmentalization of genome function that is important for genome integrity. The mechanisms whereby lamins regulate genome stability remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate a crucial role for A-type lamins preserving the integrity of the replication fork (RF) during replication stress (RS). We find that lamins bind to nascent DNA strands, especially during RS, and ensure the recruitment of fork protective factors RPA and RAD51. These ssDNA-binding proteins, considered the first and second responders to RS respectively, play crucial roles in the stabilization, remodeling and repair of the stalled fork to ensure proper restart and genome stability. Reduced recruitment of RPA and RAD51 upon lamins depletion elicits replication fork instability (RFI) depicted by MRE11 nuclease-mediated degradation of nascent DNA, RS-induced accumulation of DNA damage, and increased sensitivity to replication inhibitors. Importantly, in contrast to cells deficient in various homology recombination repair proteins, the RFI phenotype of lamins-depleted cells is not linked to RF reversal. This suggests that the point of entry of nucleases is not the reversed fork, but regions of ssDNA generated during RS that are not protected by RPA and RAD51. Consistently, RFI in lamins-depleted cells is rescued by forced elevation of the heterotrimeric RPA complex or RAD51. These data unveil a clear involvement of structural nuclear proteins in the protection of ssDNA from the action of nucleases during RS by warranting proper recruitment of ssDNA binding proteins RPA and RAD51 to stalled RFs. In support of this model, we show physical interaction between RPA and lamins. Our study also suggests that RS is a major source of genomic instability in laminopathies and in lamins-depleted tumors.