Pyruvate Kinase M2 Supports Muscle Progenitor Cell Proliferation but Is Dispensable for Skeletal Muscle Regeneration after Injury

Abstract

Abstract Background Skeletal muscle progenitor cells (MPCs) repair damaged muscle postinjury. Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) is a glycolytic enzyme (canonical activity) that can also interact with other proteins (noncanonical activity) to modify diverse cellular processes. Recent evidence links PKM2 to MPC proliferation. Objectives This study aimed to understand cellular roles for PKM2 in MPCs and the necessity of PKM2 in MPCs for muscle regeneration postinjury. Methods Cultured, proliferating MPCs (C2C12 cells) were treated with a short hairpin RNA targeting PKM2 or small molecules that selectively affect canonical and noncanonical PKM2 activity (shikonin and TEPP-46). Cell number was measured, and RNA-sequencing and metabolic assays were used in follow-up experiments. Immunoprecipitation coupled to proteomics was used to identify binding partners of PKM2. Lastly, an MPC-specific PKM2 knockout mouse was generated and challenged with a muscle injury to determine the impact of PKM2 on regeneration. Results When the noncanonical activity of PKM2 was blocked or impaired, there was an increase in reactive oxygen species concentrations (1.6–2.0-fold, P < 0.01). Blocking noncanonical PKM2 activity also increased lactate excretion (1.2–1.6-fold, P < 0.05) and suppressed mitochondrial oxygen consumption (1.3–1.6-fold, P < 0.01). Glutamate dehydrogenase 1 (GLUD1) was identified as a PKM2 binding partner and blocking noncanonical PKM2 activity increased GLUD activity (1.5–1.6-fold, P < 0.05). Mice with an MPC-specific PKM2 deletion did not demonstrate impaired muscle regeneration. Conclusions The results suggest that the noncanonical activity of PKM2 is important for MPC proliferation in vitro and demonstrate GLUD1 as a PKM2 binding partner. Because no impairments in muscle regeneration were detected in a mouse model, the endogenous environment may compensate for loss of PKM2.