Affiliation:
1. Mediterranean Institute of Oceanology (MIO), Aix-Marseille Université, 163 avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
2. Mediterranean Institute of Marine and Terrestrial Biodiversity and Ecology (IMBE), Aix-Marseille Université, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France
Abstract
Abstract
Pyomelanin is a brown-black phenolic polymer and results from the oxidation of homogentisic acid (HGA) in the L-tyrosine pathway. As part of the research for natural and active ingredients issued from realistic bioprocesses, this work re-evaluates the HGA pigment and makes an updated inventory of its syntheses, microbial pathways, and properties, with tracks and recent advances for its large-scale production. The mechanism of the HGA polymerization is also well documented. In alkaptonuria, pyomelanin formation leads to connective tissue damage and arthritis, most probably due to the ROS issued from HGA oxidation. While UV radiation on human melanin may generate degradation products, pyomelanin is not photodegradable, is hyperthermostable, and has other properties better than L-Dopa melanin. This review aims to raise awareness about the potential of this pigment for various applications, not only for skin coloring and protection but also for other cells, materials, and as a promising (semi)conductor for bioelectronics and energy.
Funder
Association Nationale Recherche Technologie-Conventions Industrielles de Formation par la Recherche
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Subject
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,Biotechnology,Bioengineering
Cited by
9 articles.
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