Affiliation:
1. Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
2. Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
3. Division of Endocrinology, National University Hospital, Singapore
4. Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
5. Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Background
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a major cause of deaths worldwide, but prospective data on dietary risk factors for CVD in South and Southeast Asian populations are sparse.
Objective
We aimed to evaluate the relation between macronutrient and food intakes and incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) in a multi-ethnic Asian population.
Methods
We used data from the Singapore Multi-Ethnic Cohort (n = 12,408), a prospective cohort of ethnic Chinese, Malay, and Indian adults aged 21‒65 y recruited between 2004 and 2010. Dietary intakes were assessed using a validated food-frequency questionnaire, and the incidence of MACEs was ascertained through data linkage with national registries. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to evaluate the associations between dietary intakes and MACE risk.
Results
Over a mean (SD) follow-up of 10.1 (2.3) y, 746 incident cases of MACEs were documented. We observed a direct association between carbohydrate intake and MACE risk (highest vs. lowest quartile, HR: 1.35; 95% CI: 1.07, 1.71; P-trend = 0.001). Replacing 5% of energy from carbohydrate with polyunsaturated fat (HR: 0.79; 95% CI: 0.69, 0.91) but not saturated fat (HR: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.84, 1.09) was significantly associated with a lower MACE risk. In terms of food groups, replacing 1 serving/d of refined grains with fruit (HR: 0.93; 95% CI: 0.87, 0.99), vegetables (HR: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.85, 1.00), and dairy (HR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.82, 0.98) was associated with lower MACE risk. Cholesterol intake was associated with a higher MACE risk in ethnic Indians (highest vs. lowest quartile, HR: 2.40; 95% CI: 1.53, 3.75; P-trend < 0.001) but not in ethnic Malay or Chinese (P-interaction = 0.015).
Conclusions
Moderating carbohydrate intakes by increasing polyunsaturated fat intake and replacing refined grains with fruits, vegetables, and dairy was associated with lower MACE risk in Asian populations.
Funder
National Medical Research Council
Biomedical Research Council
Ministry of Health -Singapore
National University Health System
National University of Singapore
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Subject
Nutrition and Dietetics,Medicine (miscellaneous)