Cigarette Smoking, Coffee Consumption, Alcohol Intake, and Risk of Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis: A Mendelian Randomization Study

Author:

Georgiou Andrea N12ORCID,Ntritsos Georgios23,Papadimitriou Nikos24,Dimou Niki24,Evangelou Evangelos25

Affiliation:

1. Medical School, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus

2. Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece

3. Department of Informatics and Telecommunications, School of Informatics and Telecommunications, University of Ioannina, Arta, Greece

4. Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France

5. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK

Abstract

Abstract Background Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are widely associated with smoking in epidemiological studies, whereas there are conflicting results for the association between CD and UC for both coffee and alcohol consumption. Herein, we aimed to investigate whether cigarette smoking and alcohol and coffee consumption are causally associated with either CD or UC. Methods We utilized 540 genome-wide significant single-nucleotide polymorphisms for 3 potentially addictive substances—nicotine, alcohol, and caffeine—to assess the association of smoking, coffee, and alcohol consumption with CD and UC (12,194 CD cases, 12,366 UC cases, and 25,042 controls of European ancestry), using Mendelian randomization analysis. Mendelian randomization estimates were used to evaluate the effect of the exposure factors on CD and UC risk. Sensitivity analysis was employed to test for any directional pleiotropy. Results We found evidence for a positive causal association between the age of smoking initiation and UC risk and between alcohol consumption and CD risk, which disappeared after sensitivity analysis for both associations (P > 0.05). No evidence for a causal association between cigarettes per day, smoking initiation, smoking cessation, and coffee consumption variables and UC or CD was found. Conclusions We found no clear evidence that either genetically predicted smoking, coffee consumption, or alcohol consumption are causally associated with the risk for CD or UC, although our findings indicate a potential positive association between the age of smoking and UC and between alcohol consumption and CD.

Funder

European Social Fund

Publisher

Oxford University Press (OUP)

Subject

Gastroenterology,Immunology and Allergy

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