A Solid-Phase Microextraction GC/MS/MS Method for Rapid Quantitative Analysis of Food and Beverages for the Presence of Legally Restricted Biologically Active Flavorings

Abstract

Abstract A method was developed using automated headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with GC/MS/MS to simultaneously determine the presence of seven biologically active flavoring substances whose levels of use in processed foods is controlled by statutory limits. The method can be applied to identify and quantify the presence of 1,2-benzopyrone (coumarin), β-asarone, 1-allyl-4-methoxybenzene (estragole), menthofuran, 4-allyl-1,2-dimethoxybenzene (methyl eugenol), pulegone, and thujone at levels ranging from 0.5 to 3000 mg/kg. The method has been optimized and validated for three different generic food types categorized on the basis of composition and anticipated use levels of flavorings and food ingredients. The food categories are alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverages; semisolid processed foods (e.g., soups, sauces, confectionary, etc.); and solid foods (muesli, bakery products, etc.). The method is simple, inexpensive, and rapid, and eliminates the use of flammable and toxic solvents. There is no sample preparation, and using MS/MS, unequivocal confrmation of identifcation is achieved even in highly complex matrixes containing many potential interfering volatiles. The method precision for spiked samples ranged from 2 to 21%, with the greatest variability associated with solid matrixes. The LOD and LOQ values were well below 0.1 and 0.5 mg/kg, respectively, in all cases for individual substances, fulflling requirements for enforcement purposes. The robustness of the method was demonstrated in a small survey of retail samples of four spirits, fve flavored milks, three energy drinks, fve liqueurs, fve soups, 10 sauces, fve herbal teas, and three breakfast cereals.