This chapter reviews the behavioral properties of rapid eye movements,
ranging from quick phases of nystagmus to cognitively controlled
saccades, and their neural substrate. Properties of various types of
saccades are described, including express saccades, memory-guided
saccades, antisaccades, and saccades during visual search and reading.
Current concepts of regions important for the generation of saccades
are reviewed, integrating results of functional imaging and
electrophysiology, including brainstem burst neurons and omnipause
neurons, the superior colliculus, frontal eye field, supplementary eye
field, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, cingulate cortex, posterior
parietal cortex, parietal eye field, thalamus, pulvinar, caudate,
substantia nigra pars reticulata, subthalamic nucleus, cerebellar
dorsal vermis, and fastigial nucleus. Saccade adaptation to novel
visual demands is discussed, and the interaction between saccades and
eyelid movements (blinks). Mathematical models of saccades are
discussed. Clinical and laboratory evaluation of saccades and the
pathophysiology of saccadic disorders, from slow saccades to
opsoclonus, are reviewed.