Two novel species of Arthroderma isolated from domestic cats with dermatophytosis in the United States

Abstract

Abstract Dermatophytosis is a superficial fungal infection of keratinized tissues that can occur in humans and other animals. In domestic cats, the majority of cases are caused by Microsporum canis and can spread to other animals and humans via arthrospores. Between 2019 and 2021, 164 cases of suspected dermatophytosis were recorded in animals from a high-volume shelter in California. Samples (hair, nail, and skin scraping) were collected for routine screening from these individuals. One hundred and twenty-six of these were diagnosed as M. canis by culture and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence. In four suspected dermatophytosis cases occurring in kittens in 2019, cultures grown at 20°C yielded fungi with colony morphology more similar to Arthroderma species than Microsporum. Morphologic and microscopic examinations were conducted, and gene segments for the ITS, β-tubulin, and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1) regions were sequenced from DNA extracted from these cultures. Sequences were aligned to other dermatophytes using maximum likelihood and neighbor-joining trees and were compared to previously described fungal species to assess nucleotide homology. We identified two previously undescribed fungal species, herein proposed as Arthroderma lilyanum sp. nov. and Arthroderma mcgillisianum sp. nov. M. canis co-cultured in two of the four cases. Other physiologic tests supported this diagnosis. These species have significance as potential pathogens and should be considered as rule-outs for dermatophytosis in cats. The potential for infection of other species, including humans, should be considered. Lay summary Two novel fungal species were cultured and characterized from four cases of suspected ringworm in cats at an animal shelter in CA, US. These species were genetically distinct from other dermatophytes and are herein described as Arthroderma lilyanum sp. nov. and Arthroderma mcgillisianum sp. nov.