Accumulation of Large Lineage-Specific Repeats Coincides with Sequence Acceleration and Structural Rearrangement in Plantago Plastomes

Author:

Wang Jie123ORCID,Kan Shenglong14ORCID,Kong Jiali1ORCID,Nie Liyun12ORCID,Fan Weishu5ORCID,Ren Yonglin3ORCID,Reeve Wayne2ORCID,Mower Jeffrey P67ORCID,Wu Zhiqiang1ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Shenzhen 518120 , China

2. School of Medical, Molecular and Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University , Perth, WA 6150 , Australia

3. College of Environmental and Life Sciences, Murdoch University , Perth, WA 6150 , Australia

4. Marine College, Shandong University , Weihai 264209 , China

5. Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China

6. Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska , Lincoln, NE 68588 , USA

7. Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska , Lincoln, NE 68583 , USA

Abstract

Abstract Repeats can mediate rearrangements and recombination in plant mitochondrial genomes and plastid genomes. While repeat accumulations are linked to heightened evolutionary rates and complex structures in specific lineages, debates persist regarding the extent of their influence on sequence and structural evolution. In this study, 75 Plantago plastomes were analyzed to investigate the relationships between repeats, nucleotide substitution rates, and structural variations. Extensive repeat accumulations were associated with significant rearrangements and inversions in the large inverted repeats (IRs), suggesting that repeats contribute to rearrangement hotspots. Repeats caused infrequent recombination that potentially led to substoichiometric shifting, supported by long-read sequencing. Repeats were implicated in elevating evolutionary rates by facilitating localized hypermutation, likely through DNA damage and repair processes. This study also observed a decrease in nucleotide substitution rates for loci translocating into IRs, supporting the role of biased gene conversion in maintaining lower substitution rates. Combined with known parallel changes in mitogenomes, it is proposed that potential dysfunction in nuclear-encoded genes associated with DNA replication, recombination, and repair may drive the evolution of Plantago organellar genomes. These findings contribute to understanding how repeats impact organellar evolution and stability, particularly in rapidly evolving plant lineages.

Funder

National Natural Science Foundation of China

Science Technology and Innovation Commission of Shenzhen Municipality

Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Elite Youth Program

Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences

Publisher

Oxford University Press (OUP)

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