Presence of SARS-CoV-2–specific T cells before vaccination in the Mexican population

Author:

Hernandez-Galicia Gabriela1,Gomez-Morales Luis12,Lopez-Bailon Luis Uriel12,Valdovinos-Torres Humberto3,Contreras-Ochoa Carla O3,Díaz Benítez Cinthya Estefhany3,Martinez-Barnetche Jesus3,Alpuche-Aranda Celia3,Ortiz-Navarrete Vianney1ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute , 2508 Instituto Politécnico Nacional Avenue, 07360, Mexico City , Mexico

2. Department of Immunology, National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, Manuel Carpio and Plan de Ayala St , 11340, Mexico City , Mexico

3. Center for Infectious Diseases Research, National Institute of Public Health , 655 Universidad Avenue, 62100, Cuernavaca , Mexico

Abstract

Abstract The immune response to SARS-CoV-2 has been extensively studied following the pandemic outbreak in 2020; however, the presence of specific T cells against SARS-CoV-2 before vaccination has not been evaluated in Mexico. In this study, we estimated the frequency of T CD4+ and T CD8+ cells that exhibit a specific response to S (spike) and N (nucleocapsid) proteins in a Mexican population. We collected 78 peripheral blood samples from unvaccinated subjects, and the presence of antibodies against spike (RBD) and N protein was determined. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated and stimulated with a pool of S or N protein peptides (Wuhan-Hu-1 strain). IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-2, IL-8, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and GM-CSF levels were quantified in the supernatant of the activated cells, and the cells were stained to assess the activation and memory phenotypes. Differential activation frequency dependent on serological status was observed in CD4+ cells but not in CD8+ cells. The predominantly activated population was the central memory T CD4+ cells. Only 10% of the population exhibited the same phenotype with respect to the response to nucleocapsid peptides. The cytokine profile differed between the S and N responses. S peptides induced a more proinflammatory response compared with the N peptides. In conclusion, in a Mexican cohort before vaccination, there was a significant response to the S and N SARS-CoV-2 proteins resulting from previous infections with seasonal coronaviruses or previous undetected exposure to SARS-CoV-2.

Publisher

Oxford University Press (OUP)

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