Oxidation of ferumoxytol by ionizing radiation releases iron. An electron paramagnetic resonance study

Abstract

Abstract Ferumoxytol (FMX) is an iron oxide nanoparticle that is FDA approved for the treatment of iron deficiency anemia. FMX contains an Fe3O4 core. Currently, the redox chemistry of Fe3O4 nanoparticles remains relatively unexplored. FMX has recently gained interest as an anti-cancer agent. Ionizing radiation (IR) is a treatment modality employed to treat several types of cancer. Utilizing electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, we found that the products produced from the radiolysis of water can oxidize the Fe3O4 core of FMX. Because of the limited diffusion of the HO2• and HO• produced, these highly oxidizing species have little direct effect on FMX oxidation. We have determined that H2O2 is the primary oxidant of FMX. In the presence of labile Fe2+, we found that reducing species generated from the radiolysis of H2O are able to reduce the Fe3+ sites of the Fe3O4 core. Importantly, we also have shown that IR stimulates the release of ferric iron from FMX. Because of its release of iron, FMX may serve as an adjuvant to enhance radiotherapy.