A New Approach Methodology (NAM) Based Assessment of Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) for Endocrine Disruption Potential

Abstract

Abstract Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) is a synthetic antioxidant widely used in many industrial sectors. BHT is a well-studied compound for which there are many favorable regulatory decisions. However, a recent opinion by the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES) hypothesizes a role for BHT in endocrine disruption (ANSES (2021). This opinion is based on observations in mostly rat studies where changes to thyroid physiology are observed. Enzymatic induction of Cytochrome P450-mediated thyroid hormone catabolism has been proposed as a mechanism for these observations, however, a causal relationship has not been proven. Other evidence proposed in the document includes a read across argument to butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), another Community Rolling Action Plan (CoRAP)-listed substance with endocrine disruption concerns. We tested the hypothesis that BHT is an endocrine disruptor by using a Next Generation Risk Assessment (NGRA) method. Four different cell lines: A549, HCC1428, HepG2, and MCF7 were treated with BHT and a series of BHT analogs at 5 different concentrations, RNA was isolated from cell extracts and run on the L1000 gene array platform. A toxicogenomics-based assessment was performed by comparing BHT’s unique genomic signature to a large external database containing signatures of other compounds (including many known endocrine disruptors) to identify if any endocrine disruption-related modes of action (MoAs) are prevalent among BHT and other compounds with similar genomic signatures. In addition, we performed a toxicogenomics-based structure activity relationship (SAR) assessment of BHT and a series of structurally similar analogs to understand if endocrine disruption is a relevant MoA for chemicals that are considered suitable analogs to BHT using the P&G read across framework (Wu et al., 2010). Neither BHT nor any of its analogs connected to compounds that had endocrine activity for estrogens, androgens, thyroid, or steroidogenesis.