Population III star formation in an X-ray background: III. Periodic radiative feedback and luminosity induced by elliptical orbits

Abstract

ABSTRACTWe model Pop III star formation in different FUV and X-ray backgrounds, including radiation feedback from protostars. We confirm previous results that a moderate X-ray background increases the number of Pop III systems per unit cosmological volume, but masses and multiplicities of the system are reduced. The stellar mass function also agrees with previous results, and we confirm the outward migration of the stars within the protostellar discs. We find that nearly all Pop III star systems are hierarchical, i.e. binaries of binaries. Typically, two equal-mass stars form near the centre of the protostellar disc and migrate outwards. Around these stars, mini-discs fragment forming binaries that also migrate outwards. Stars may also form at Lagrange points L4/L5 of the system. Afterwards, star formation becomes more stochastic due to the large multiplicity, and zero-metallicity low-mass stars can form when rapidly ejected from the disc. Stars in the disc often have eccentric orbits, leading to a periodic modulation of their accretion rates and luminosities. At the pericentre, due to strong accretion, the star can enter a red-supergiant phase reaching nearly Eddington luminosity in the optical bands (mAB ∼ 34 for a 100 M⊙ star at z = 6). During this phase, the star, rather than its nebular lines, can be observed directly by JWST, if sufficiently magnified by a gravitational lens. The ∼10 000 AU separations and high eccentricities of many Pop III star binaries in our simulations are favourable parameters for IMBH mergers – and gravitational waves emission – through orbital excitation by field stars.