Searching for continuous Gravitational Waves in the second data release of the International Pulsar Timing Array-Reference-Cited by-同舟云学术

Searching for continuous Gravitational Waves in the second data release of the International Pulsar Timing Array

Published:2023-03-21 Issue:4 Volume:521 Page:5077-5086
ISSN:0035-8711
Container-title:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
language:en
Short-container-title:

Author:

Falxa M¹^ORCID,Babak S¹,Baker P T²,Bécsy B³,Chalumeau A⁴,Chen S⁵^ORCID,Chen Z⁶^ORCID,Cornish N J³,Guillemot L⁷⁸,Hazboun J S⁹^ORCID,Mingarelli C M F¹⁰¹¹^ORCID,Parthasarathy A¹²^ORCID,Petiteau A¹¹³,Pol N S¹⁴,Sesana A⁴¹⁵,Spolaor S B¹⁶,Taylor S R¹⁴,Theureau G⁷⁸¹⁷,Vallisneri M¹⁸^ORCID,Vigeland S J¹⁹,Witt C A²⁰²¹,Zhu X²²^ORCID,Antoniadis J¹²²³,Arzoumanian Z²⁴,Bailes M²⁵²⁶,Bhat N D R²⁷^ORCID,Blecha L²⁸,Brazier A²⁹,Brook P R¹⁶,Caballero N⁵^ORCID,Cameron A D³⁰^ORCID,Casey-Clyde J A¹¹,Champion D¹²^ORCID,Charisi M¹⁴,Chatterjee S²⁹,Cognard I⁷⁸,Cordes J M²⁹,Crawford F³¹^ORCID,Cromartie H T²⁹,Crowter K³²,Dai S³³^ORCID,DeCesar M E³⁴,Demorest P B³⁵,Desvignes G¹²^ORCID,Dolch T³⁶³⁷,Drachler B³⁸,Feng Y³⁹,Ferrara E C⁴⁰,Fiore W¹⁶,Fonseca E⁴¹,Garver-Daniels N¹⁶,Glaser J⁴²,Goncharov B⁴³^ORCID,Good D C¹¹¹⁰,Griessmeier J⁷,Guo Y J¹²,Gültekin K⁴⁴^ORCID,Hobbs G⁴⁵^ORCID,Hu H¹²^ORCID,Islo K¹⁹,Jang J¹²,Jennings R J¹⁶,Johnson A D⁴⁶,Jones M L¹⁹,Kaczmarek J⁴⁷,Kaiser A R¹⁶,Kaplan D L¹⁹^ORCID,Keith M⁴⁸^ORCID,Kelley L Z²⁰^ORCID,Kerr M⁴⁹^ORCID,Key J S⁵⁰,Laal N⁵¹,Lam M T³⁸,Lamb W G¹⁴,Lazio T J W¹⁸,Liu K¹²,Liu T¹⁶,Luo J⁵²,Lynch R S⁵³,Madison D R⁵⁴,Main R¹²^ORCID,Manchester R⁴⁵,McEwen A¹⁹,McKee J⁵⁵⁵⁶,McLaughlin M A¹⁶^ORCID,Ng C⁵⁷,Nice D J⁵⁸,Ocker S²⁹^ORCID,Olum K D⁵⁹^ORCID,Osłowski S⁶⁰,Pennucci T T⁶¹,Perera B B P⁶²^ORCID,Perrodin D⁶³,Porayko N¹²,Possenti A⁶³,Quelquejay-Leclere H¹,Ransom S M⁶⁴^ORCID,Ray P S⁶⁵^ORCID,Reardon D J³⁰^ORCID,Russell C J⁶⁶^ORCID,Samajdar A⁴,Sarkissian J⁶⁷,Schult L¹⁴,Shaifullah G⁴¹⁵⁶³^ORCID,Shannon R M³⁰^ORCID,Shapiro-Albert B J⁶⁸,Siemens X⁹,Simon J J⁶⁹,Siwek M⁷⁰^ORCID,Smith T L⁷¹,Speri L⁷²^ORCID,Spiewak R⁴⁸^ORCID,Stairs I H³²,Stappers B⁴⁸^ORCID,Stinebring D R⁷³,Swiggum J K⁵⁸,Tiburzi C⁶³,Turner J¹⁶,Vecchio A⁷⁴,Verbiest J P W⁷⁵¹²^ORCID,Wahl H¹⁶,Wang S Q⁷⁶,Wang J⁷⁷,Wang J⁷⁵,Wu Z⁷⁵,Zhang L⁷⁸,Zhang S⁷⁹,

Affiliation:

1. CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, Université de Paris , F-75013 Paris, France

2. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Widener University , One University Place, Chester, PA 19013, USA

3. Department of Physics, Montana State University , Bozeman, MT 59717, USA

4. Dipartimento di Fisica ‘G. Occhialini’, Universitá degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca , Piazza della Scienza 3, I-20126 Milano, Italy

5. Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, P. R. China

6. Department of Astronomy, Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875, China

7. Station de Radioastronomie de Nançay, Observatoire de Paris, PSL University, CNRS, Université d’Orléans , F-18330 Nançay, France

8. Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l’Environnement et de l’Espace LPC2E UMR7328, Université d’Orléans, CNRS , F-45071 Orléans, France

9. Department of Physics, Oregon State University , Corvallis, OR 97331, USA

10. Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute , 162 5th Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA

11. Department of Physics, University of Connecticut , 196 Auditorium Road, U-3046, Storrs, CT 06269-3046, USA

12. Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie , Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany

13. IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay , F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France

14. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University , 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37235, USA

15. INFN, Sezione di Milano-Bicocca , Piazza della Scienza 3, I-20126 Milano, Italy

16. Department of Physics and Astronomy, West Virginia University , P.O. Box 6315, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA

17. Laboratoire Univers et Théories LUTh, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Université de Paris , F-92190 Meudon, France

18. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology , 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA

19. Center for Gravitation, Cosmology and Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , PO Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA

20. Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics (CIERA), Northwestern University , Evanston, IL 60208, USA

21. Adler Planetarium , 1300 S. DuSable Lake Shore Dr, Chicago, IL 60605, USA

22. Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University , Zhuhai 519087, China

23. Institute of Astrophysics, FORTH , N. Plastira 100, 70013 Heraklion, Greece

24. X-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Code 662, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA

25. Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology , PO Box 218, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia, ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery (OzGrav), Australia

26. ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery (OzGrav) , Australia

27. International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research, Curtin University , Bentley, WA 6102, Australia

28. Department of Physics, University of Florida , 2001 Museum Road, Gainesville, FL 32611-8440, USA

29. Cornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science and Department of Astronomy, Cornell University , Ithaca, NY 14853, USA

30. Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology , PO Box 218, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia

31. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Franklin & Marshall College , PO Box 3003, Lancaster, PA 17604, USA

32. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia , 6224 Agricultural Road, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada

33. School of Science, Western Sydney University , Locked Bag 1797, Penrith South DC, NSW 2751, Australia

34. George Mason University, Resident at the Naval Research Laboratory , Washington, DC 20375, USA

35. National Radio Astronomy Observatory , 1003 Lopezville Road, Socorro, NM 87801, USA

36. Department of Physics, Hillsdale College , 33 E. College Street, Hillsdale, MI 49242, USA

37. Eureka Scientific , 2452 Delmer Street, Suite 100, Oakland, CA 94602-3017, USA

38. Laboratory for Multiwavelength Astrophysics, Rochester Institute of Technology , Rochester, NY 14623, USA

39. Research Center for Intelligent Computing Platforms, Zhejiang Laboratory , Hangzhou 311100, China

40. Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland , College Park, MD 20742, USA

41. Department of Physics and Astronomy, West Virginia University , PO Box 6315, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA

42. WVU Center for Gravitational Waves and Cosmology , White Hall, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA

43. Gran Sasso Science Institute , Viale Francesco Crispi, 7, I-67100 L’Aquila AQ, Italy

44. Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan , 1085 S. University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA

45. CSIRO Space and Astronomy, Australia Telescope National Facility , PO Box 76, Epping NSW 1710, Australia

46. Theoretical AstroPhysics Including Relativity (TAPIR), California Institute of Technology , MC 350-17, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA

47. Dominion Radio Astrophysical Observatory, Herzberg Research Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics , National 27 Research Council Canada, PO Box 248, Penticton, BC V2A 6J9, Canada

48. Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL, UK

49. Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory , Washington, DC 20375-5352, USA

50. Department of Physics, University of Washington Bothell , 18115 Campus Way NE, Bothell, WA 98011, USA

51. Oregon State University, Department of Physics , 301 Weniger Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA

52. Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of Toronto , 50 Saint George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H4, Canada

53. Green Bank Observatory , PO Box 2, Green Bank, WV 24944, USA

54. Department of Physics, University of the Pacific , 3601 Pacific Avenue, Stockton, CA 95211, USA

55. E.A. Milne Centre for Astrophysics, University of Hull , Cottingham Road, Kingston-upon-Hull HU6 7RX, UK

56. Centre of Excellence for Data Science, Artificial Intelligence and Modelling (DAIM), University of Hull , Cottingham Road, Kingston-upon-Hull HU6 7RX, UK

57. Dunlap Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto , 50 Saint George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H4, Canada

58. Department of Physics , Lafayette College, Easton, PA 18042, USA

59. Institute of Cosmology, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Tufts University , Medford, MA 02155, USA

60. Manly Astrophysics , 15/41-42 East Esplanade, Manly, NSW 2095, Australia

61. Institute of Physics, Eötvös Loránd University , Pázmány P.s. 1/A, 1117 Budapest, Hungary

62. Arecibo Observatory , HC3 Box 53995, Arecibo, PR 00612, USA

63. INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari , via della Scienza 5, I-09047 Selargius (CA), Italy

64. National Radio Astronomy Observatory , 520 Edgemont Road, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA

65. U.S. Naval Research Laboratory , Washington, DC 20375, USA

66. CSIRO Scientific Computing , Australian Technology Park, Locked Bag 9013, Alexandria, NSW 1435, Australia

67. CSIRO Parkes Observatory , PO Box 276, Parkes, NSW 2870, Australia

68. Giant Army , 915A 17th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98122, USA

69. Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder, CO 80309, USA

70. Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian , USA

71. Department of Physics and Astronomy , Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA 19081, USA

72. Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute) , Am Muühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany

73. Department of Physics and Astronomy , Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH 44074, USA

74. Institute for Gravitational Wave Astronomy and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

75. Fakultät für Physik, Universität Bielefeld , Postfach 100131, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany

76. Xinjiang Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 150 Kexueyi St, Xinshi District, Ürümqi, Ürümqi, Xinjiang 830011, China

77. Institute of Optoelectronic Technology, Lishui University , Lishui 323000, China

78. National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101, China

79. Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Nanjing 210023, China

Abstract

ABSTRACT The International Pulsar Timing Array 2nd data release is the combination of data sets from worldwide collaborations. In this study, we search for continuous waves: gravitational wave signals produced by individual supermassive black hole binaries in the local universe. We consider binaries on circular orbits and neglect the evolution of orbital frequency over the observational span. We find no evidence for such signals and set sky averaged 95 per cent upper limits on their amplitude h95. The most sensitive frequency is 10 nHz with h95 = 9.1 × 10−15. We achieved the best upper limit to date at low and high frequencies of the PTA band thanks to improved effective cadence of observations. In our analysis, we have taken into account the recently discovered common red noise process, which has an impact at low frequencies. We also find that the peculiar noise features present in some pulsars data must be taken into account to reduce the false alarm. We show that using custom noise models is essential in searching for continuous gravitational wave signals and setting the upper limit.

Funder

CNRS

NWO

Italian Space Agency

Autonomous Region of Sardinia

National Institute for Astrophysics

National Science Foundation

Stavros Niarchos Foundation

Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation

NSFC

NASA

Simons Foundation