The International Pulsar Timing Array second data release: Search for an isotropic gravitational wave background

Author:

Antoniadis J123,Arzoumanian Z4,Babak S56,Bailes M78,Bak Nielsen A-S29ORCID,Baker P T10,Bassa C G11,Bécsy B12,Berthereau A1314,Bonetti M1516ORCID,Brazier A17,Brook P R1819ORCID,Burgay M20ORCID,Burke-Spolaor S181921,Caballero R N22ORCID,Casey-Clyde J A23,Chalumeau A51413ORCID,Champion D J2ORCID,Charisi M24,Chatterjee S17,Chen S1314ORCID,Cognard I1314,Cordes J M17,Cornish N J12,Crawford F25ORCID,Cromartie H T17,Crowter K26ORCID,Dai S27ORCID,DeCesar M E28,Demorest P B29,Desvignes G230ORCID,Dolch T3132,Drachler B33,Falxa M5,Ferrara E C343536,Fiore W1819,Fonseca E1937,Gair J R38,Garver-Daniels N1819,Goncharov B3940ORCID,Good D C26,Graikou E2,Guillemot L1314,Guo Y J2,Hazboun J S41ORCID,Hobbs G42ORCID,Hu H2ORCID,Islo K43,Janssen G H1144,Jennings R J17,Johnson A D43,Jones M L43,Kaiser A R1819,Kaplan D L43ORCID,Karuppusamy R2,Keith M J45,Kelley L Z46ORCID,Kerr M47ORCID,Key J S41,Kramer M245ORCID,Lam M T3348,Lamb W G24,Lazio T J W49,Lee K J22250,Lentati L51,Liu K2,Luo J52,Lynch R S53,Lyne A G45,Madison D R54,Main R A2,Manchester R N42,McEwen A43,McKee J W55ORCID,McLaughlin M A1819ORCID,Mickaliger M B45,Mingarelli C M F2356ORCID,Ng C57ORCID,Nice D J58,Osłowski S59,Parthasarathy A2ORCID,Pennucci T T60,Perera B B P61ORCID,Perrodin D20,Petiteau A5,Pol N S24,Porayko N K2,Possenti A2062,Ransom S M63ORCID,Ray P S64ORCID,Reardon D J78ORCID,Russell C J65,Samajdar A15,Sampson L M46,Sanidas S45,Sarkissian J M66,Schmitz K67,Schult L24ORCID,Sesana A1516,Shaifullah G1516ORCID,Shannon R M78ORCID,Shapiro-Albert B J1819,Siemens X6843,Simon J4969,Smith T L70,Speri L38ORCID,Spiewak R7845ORCID,Stairs I H26,Stappers B W45ORCID,Stinebring D R71,Swiggum J K58,Taylor S R24,Theureau G131472,Tiburzi C11,Vallisneri M4973ORCID,van der Wateren E1144,Vecchio A74,Verbiest J P W29ORCID,Vigeland S J43,Wahl H1819,Wang J B75,Wang J9,Wang L50ORCID,Witt C A1819,Zhang S76,Zhu X J77ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Institute of Astrophysics, FORTH, N. Plastira 100, 70013 Heraklion, Greece

2. Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany

3. Argelander Institut für Astronomie, Auf dem Hügel 71, D-53117 Bonn, Germany

4. X-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 662, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA

5. Université de Paris, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, F-75013 Paris, France

6. Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, 141700 Moscow region, Russia

7. Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia

8. Australian Research Council Centre for Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery (OzGrav), Swinburne, PO Box 218, Hawthorn VIC 3122, Australia

9. Fakultät für Physik, Universität Bielefeld, Postfach 100131, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany

10. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Widener University, One University Place, Chester, PA 19013, USA

11. ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, NL-7991 PD Dwingeloo, the Netherlands

12. Department of Physics, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA

13. Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l’Environnement et de l’Espace LPC2E UMR7328, Université d’Orléans, CNRS, F-45071 Orléans, France

14. Station de Radioastronomie de Nançay, Observatoire de Paris, PSL University, CNRS, Université d’Orléans, F-18330 Nançay, France

15. Dipartimento di Fisica ‘G. Occhialini’, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, I-20126 Milano, Italy

16. INFN, Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, I-20126 Milano, Italy

17. Cornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science and Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA

18. Department of Physics and Astronomy, West Virginia University, P.O. Box 6315, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA

19. Center for Gravitational Waves and Cosmology, West Virginia University, Chestnut Ridge Research Building, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA

20. INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, via della Scienza 5, I-09047 Selargius (CA), Italy

21. Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholar, MaRS Centre West Tower, 661 University Ave. Suite 505, Toronto ON M5G 1M1, Canada

22. Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China

23. Department of Physics, University of Connecticut, 196 Auditorium Road, U-3046, Storrs, CT 06269-3046, USA

24. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37235, USA

25. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Franklin and Marshall College, PO Box 3003, Lancaster, PA 17604, USA

26. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada

27. School of Science, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith South DC, NSW 2751, Australia

28. George Mason University, resident at the Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA

29. National Radio Astronomy Observatory, 1003 Lopezville Rd., Socorro, NM 87801, USA

30. LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, F-92195 Meudon, France

31. Department of Physics, Hillsdale College, 33 E. College Street, Hillsdale, MI 49242, USA

32. Eureka Scientific, Inc., 2452 Delmer Street, Suite 100, Oakland, CA 94602-3017, USA

33. School of Physics and Astronomy, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, USA

34. Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA

35. Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology, NASA/GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA

36. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA

37. Department of Physics and Astronomy, West Virginia University, PO Box 6315, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA

38. Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), Am Muühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany

39. Gran Sasso Science Institute (GSSI), I-67100 L’Aquila, Italy

40. INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, I-67100 Assergi, Italy

41. Physical Sciences Division, University of Washington Bothell, 18115 Campus Way NE, Bothell, WA 98011, USA

42. Australia Telescope National Facility, CSIRO Space and Astronomy, PO Box 76, Epping, NSW 1710, Australia

43. Center for Gravitation, Cosmology and Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, PO Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA

44. Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, NL-6500 GL Nijmegen, the Netherlands

45. Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK

46. Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics (CIERA), Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA

47. Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA

48. Laboratory for Multiwavelength Astrophysics, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, USA

49. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA

50. National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China

51. Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK

52. Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto, 50 Saint George Street, Toronto ON M5S 3H4, Canada

53. Green Bank Observatory, PO Box 2, Green Bank, WV 24944, USA

54. Department of Physics, University of the Pacific, 3601 Pacific Ave., Stockton, CA 95211, USA

55. Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Toronto, 60 St. George Street, Toronto ON M5S 3H8, Canada

56. Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, 162 5th Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA

57. Dunlap Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto, 50 Saint George Street, Toronto ON M5S 3H4, Canada

58. Department of Physics, Lafayette College, Easton, PA 18042, USA

59. Manly Astrophysics, 15/41-42 East Esplanade, Manly, NSW 2095, Australia

60. Institute of Physics, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány P.s. 1/A, 1117 Budapest, Hungary

61. Arecibo Observatory, HC3 Box 53995, Arecibo, PR 00612, USA

62. Università di Cagliari, Dipartimento di Fisica, S.P. Monserrato-Sestu Km 0, I-700-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy

63. National Radio Astronomy Observatory, 520 Edgemont Road, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA

64. U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA

65. CSIRO Scientific Computing Services, Australian Technology Park, Locked Bag 9013, Alexandria, NSW 1435, Australia

66. Australia Telescope National Facility, CSIRO Space and Astronomy, PO Box 276, Parkes, NSW 2870, Australia

67. Theoretical Physics Department, CERN, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland

68. Department of Physics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA

69. Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA

70. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA 19081, USA

71. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH 44074, USA

72. Laboratoire Univers et Théories LUTh, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Université de Paris, F-92190 Meudon, France

73. Theoretical AstroPhysics Including Relativity (TAPIR), MC 350-17, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA

74. Institute for Gravitational Wave Astronomy and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

75. Xinjiang Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 150 Science 1-Street, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P. R. China

76. Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China

77. Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai 519087, P. R. China

Abstract

ABSTRACT We searched for an isotropic stochastic gravitational wave background in the second data release of the International Pulsar Timing Array, a global collaboration synthesizing decadal-length pulsar-timing campaigns in North America, Europe, and Australia. In our reference search for a power-law strain spectrum of the form $h_c = A(f/1\, \mathrm{yr}^{-1})^{\alpha }$, we found strong evidence for a spectrally similar low-frequency stochastic process of amplitude $A = 3.8^{+6.3}_{-2.5}\times 10^{-15}$ and spectral index α = −0.5 ± 0.5, where the uncertainties represent 95 per cent credible regions, using information from the auto- and cross-correlation terms between the pulsars in the array. For a spectral index of α = −2/3, as expected from a population of inspiralling supermassive black hole binaries, the recovered amplitude is $A = 2.8^{+1.2}_{-0.8}\times 10^{-15}$. None the less, no significant evidence of the Hellings–Downs correlations that would indicate a gravitational-wave origin was found. We also analysed the constituent data from the individual pulsar timing arrays in a consistent way, and clearly demonstrate that the combined international data set is more sensitive. Furthermore, we demonstrate that this combined data set produces comparable constraints to recent single-array data sets which have more data than the constituent parts of the combination. Future international data releases will deliver increased sensitivity to gravitational wave radiation, and significantly increase the detection probability.

Funder

European Research Council

Science and Technology Facilities Council

CEA

CNES

Agence Nationale de la Recherche

MIUR

ASI

RAS

Stavros Niarchos Foundation

National Science Foundation

NASA

Space Telescope Science Institute

Australian Research Council

Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada

ARC

Canadian Institute for Advanced Research

Publisher

Oxford University Press (OUP)

Subject

Space and Planetary Science,Astronomy and Astrophysics

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