Chaotic dynamics of wide triples induced by galactic tides: a novel channel for producing compact binaries, mergers, and collisions

Abstract

ABSTRACT Recent surveys show that wide (>104 AU) binaries and triples are abundant in the field. We study the long-term evolution of wide hierarchical triple systems and the role played by the Galactic tidal (GT) field. We find that when the time-scales of the secular von–Ziepel–Lidov–Kozai and the GT oscillations are comparable, triple evolution becomes chaotic which leads to extreme eccentricities. Consequently, the close pericentre approaches of the inner-binary components lead to strong interactions, mergers, and collisions. We use a novel secular evolution code to quantify the key parameters and carry out a population-synthesis study of low and intermediate-mass wide-orbit triples. We find that in $\sim 9{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of low-mass wide-triples the inner main-sequence binaries collide or tidally-inspiral within $10\ \rm Gyr$, with direct collisions are 6 times more likely to occur. For the intermediate-mass sample, $\sim 7.6{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of the systems merge or inspiral with roughly equal probabilities. We discuss the relative fractions of different stellar merger/inspiral outcomes as a function of their evolutionary stage (Main Sequence, MS; Red Giant, RG; or White Dwarf, WD), their transient electromagnetic signatures and the final products of the merger/inspiral. In particular, the rate of WD–WD direct-collisions that lead to type-Ia Supernovae is comparable to other dynamical channels and accounts for at most $0.1{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of the observed rate. RG inspirals provide a novel channel for the formation of eccentric common-envelope-evolution binaries. The catalysis of mergers/collisions in triples due to GT could explain a significant fraction, or even the vast majority, of blue-stragglers in the field, produce progenitors for cataclysmic-variables, and give-rise to mergers/collisions of double-RG binaries.