Finding quadruply imaged quasars with machine learning – I. Methods

Author:

Akhazhanov A12,More A34ORCID,Amini A5,Hazlett C56,Treu T7ORCID,Birrer S8,Shajib A9,Liao K10,Lemon C11,Agnello A12,Nord B91314,Aguena M15,Allam S13,Andrade-Oliveira F1516,Annis J13,Brooks D17,Buckley-Geer E913,Burke D L1819,Carnero Rosell A15,Carrasco Kind M2021,Carretero J22,Choi A23,Conselice C2425,Costanzi M262728,da Costa L N1529,Pereira M E S3031,De Vicente J32,Desai S33,Dietrich J P34,Doel P17,Everett S35,Ferrero I36,Finley D A13,Flaugher B13,Frieman J1314,García-Bellido J37,Gerdes D W3038,Gruen D39,Gruendl R A2021,Gschwend J1529,Gutierrez G13,Hinton S R40,Hollowood D L35,Honscheid K2341,James D J42,Kim A G43,Kuehn K4445,Kuropatkin N13,Lahav O17,Lima M1546,Lin H13,Maia M A G1529,March M47,Menanteau F2021,Miquel R2248,Morgan R49,Palmese A1314,Paz-Chinchón F2050,Pieres A1529,Plazas Malagón A A51,Sanchez E32,Scarpine V13,Serrano S5253,Sevilla-Noarbe I32,Smith M54,Soares-Santos M30,Suchyta E55,Swanson M E C20,Tarle G30,To C181956,Varga T N3957,Weller J3957,

Affiliation:

1. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California , Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA

2. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Nazarbayev University , Nur-Sultan, 010000, Kazakhstan

3. The Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics (IUCAA) , Post Bag 4, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India

4. Kavli IPMU (WPI), UTIAS, The University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan

5. Department of Statistics, University of California , Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA

6. Department of Political Science, University of California , Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA

7. Department of Physics and Astronomy , PAB, 430 Portola Plaza, Box 951547, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA

8. Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology and Department of Physics, Stanford University , Stanford, CA 94305, USA

9. Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL 60637, USA

10. School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, China

11. Laboratoire d’Astrophysique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Observatoire de Sauverny , CH-1290 Versoix, Switzerland

12. DARK, Niels Bohr Institute , Jagtvej 128, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark

13. Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory , PO Box 500, Batavia, IL 60510, USA

14. Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL 60637, USA

15. Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia – LIneA , Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - 20921-400, Brazil

16. Instituto de Física Teórica, Universidade Estadual Paulista , São Paulo, 01140-070, Brazil

17. Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London , Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK

18. Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics & Cosmology , PO Box 2450, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA

19. SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA

20. Center for Astrophysical Surveys, National Center for Supercomputing Applications , 1205 West Clark St., Urbana, IL 61801, USA

21. Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1002 W. Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA

22. Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain

23. Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH 43210, USA

24. Jodrell Bank Center for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK

25. University of Nottingham, School of Physics and Astronomy , Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK

26. Astronomy Unit, Department of Physics, University of Trieste , Via Tiepolo 11, I-34131 Trieste, Italy

27. INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste , Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, I-34143 Trieste, Italy

28. Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe , Via Beirut 2, I-34014 Trieste, Italy

29. Observatório Nacional , Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - 20921-400, Brazil

30. Department of Physics, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA

31. Hamburger Sternwarte, Universität Hamburg , Gojenbergsweg 112, D-21029 Hamburg, Germany

32. Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas , Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, 28040, Spain

33. Department of Physics , IIT Hyderabad, Kandi, Telangana 502285, India

34. Faculty of Physics , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Scheinerstr. 1, 81679 Munich, Germany

35. Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics , Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA

36. Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo . PO Box 1029 Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway

37. Instituto de Fisica Teorica UAM/CSIC, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid , 28049 Madrid, Spain

38. Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA

39. Universitäts-Sternwarte, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München , Scheinerstr. 1, D-81679 München, Germany

40. School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia

41. Department of Physics, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH 43210, USA

42. Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA

43. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

44. Australian Astronomical Optics, Macquarie University , North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia

45. Lowell Observatory , 1400 Mars Hill Rd, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA

46. Departamento de Física Matemática, Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo , CP 66318, São Paulo, SP 05314-970, Brazil

47. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA

48. Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats , E-08010 Barcelona, Spain

49. Physics Department , 2320 Chamberlin Hall, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1150 University Avenue Madison, WI 53706-1390, USA

50. Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge , Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK

51. Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University , Peyton Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA

52. Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC) , E-08034 Barcelona, Spain

53. Institute of Space Sciences (ICE , CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain

54. School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton , Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK

55. Computer Science and Mathematics Division , Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA

56. Department of Physics, Stanford University , 382 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA

57. Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics , Giessenbachstrasse, D-85748 Garching, Germany

Abstract

ABSTRACT Strongly lensed quadruply imaged quasars (quads) are extraordinary objects. They are very rare in the sky and yet they provide unique information about a wide range of topics, including the expansion history and the composition of the Universe, the distribution of stars and dark matter in galaxies, the host galaxies of quasars, and the stellar initial mass function. Finding them in astronomical images is a classic ‘needle in a haystack’ problem, as they are outnumbered by other (contaminant) sources by many orders of magnitude. To solve this problem, we develop state-of-the-art deep learning methods and train them on realistic simulated quads based on real images of galaxies taken from the Dark Energy Survey, with realistic source and deflector models, including the chromatic effects of microlensing. The performance of the best methods on a mixture of simulated and real objects is excellent, yielding area under the receiver operating curve in the range of 0.86–0.89. Recall is close to 100 per cent down to total magnitude i ∼ 21 indicating high completeness, while precision declines from 85 per cent to 70 per cent in the range i ∼ 17–21. The methods are extremely fast: training on 2 million samples takes 20 h on a GPU machine, and 108 multiband cut-outs can be evaluated per GPU-hour. The speed and performance of the method pave the way to apply it to large samples of astronomical sources, bypassing the need for photometric pre-selection that is likely to be a major cause of incompleteness in current samples of known quads.

Funder

National Science Foundation

NASA

U.S. Department of Energy

Science and Technology Facilities Council

Higher Education Funding Council for England

National Center for Supercomputing Applications

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

University of Chicago

Center for Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Ohio State University

Texas A and M University

Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos

Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico

Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação

Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft

Argonne National Laboratory

University of California, Santa Cruz

University of Cambridge

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas

University College London

University of Edinburgh

Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich

CSIC

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

University of Michigan

University of Nottingham

Ohio State University

University of Pennsylvania

University of Portsmouth

SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory

Stanford University

University of Sussex

MICINN

ERDF

European Union

European Research Council

Office of Science

High Energy Physics

Publisher

Oxford University Press (OUP)

Subject

Space and Planetary Science,Astronomy and Astrophysics

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