The case for thermalization as a contributor to the [C ii] deficit

Author:

Sutter Jessica1ORCID,Dale Daniel A1,Sandstrom Karin2,Smith J D T3,Bolatto Alberto4,Boquien Mederic5,Calzetti Daniela6,Croxall Kevin V7,De Looze Ilse8,Galametz Maud9,Groves Brent A1011,Helou George12,Herrera-Camus Rodrigo13,Hunt Leslie K14ORCID,Kennicutt Robert C1516,Pelligrini Eric W17,Wilson Christine18ORCID,Wolfire Mark G4

Affiliation:

1. Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Wyoming, Laramie WY, 82072, USA

2. Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences, Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA

3. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA

4. Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA

5. Centro de Astronomía (CITEVA), Universidad de Antofagasta, Avenida Angamos 601, Antofagasta, 1270300, Chile

6. Department of Astronomy, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA

7. Expeed Software, Columbus, OH, 43085, USA

8. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK

9. Laboratoire AIM, CEA, Université Paris Diderot, IRFU/Service d’Astrophysique, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91191, France

10. Research School of Astronomy & Astrophysics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2611, Australia

11. University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia

12. IPAC, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA

13. Departmento de Astronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Concepción, 5XC8+68 Concepción, Chile

14. INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Firenze, 50125, Italy

15. Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA

16. George P. and Cynthia W. Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA

17. Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany

18. Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada

Abstract

ABSTRACT The [C ii] deficit, which describes the observed decrease in the ratio of [C ii] 158 μm emission to continuum infrared emission in galaxies with high star formation surface densities, places a significant challenge to the interpretation of [C ii] detections from across the observable universe. In an attempt to further decode the cause of the [C ii] deficit, the [C ii] and dust continuum emission from 18 Local Volume galaxies has been split based on conditions within the interstellar medium where it originated. This is completed using the Key Insights in Nearby Galaxies: a Far-Infrared Survey with Herschel (KINGFISH) and Beyond the Peak (BtP) surveys and the wide-range of wavelength information, from UV to far-infrared emission lines, available for a selection of star-forming regions within these samples. By comparing these subdivided [C ii] emissions to isolated infrared emission and other properties, we find that the thermalization (collisional de-excitation) of the [C ii] line in H ii regions plays a significant role in the deficit observed in our sample.

Funder

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Publisher

Oxford University Press (OUP)

Subject

Space and Planetary Science,Astronomy and Astrophysics

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