The fates of merging supermassive black holes and a proposal for a new class of X-ray sources

Author:

Zivancev Charles1,Ostriker Jeremiah1,Küpper Andreas H W2ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Astronomy, Columbia University, 550 West 120th Street, New York, NY 10027, USA

2. QuantCo, Inc., 955 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA

Abstract

ABSTRACT We perform N-body simulations on some of the most massive galaxies extracted from a cosmological simulation of hierarchical structure formation with total masses in the range 1012 M⊙ < Mtot < 3 × 1013 M⊙ from 4 ≥ z ≥ 0. After galactic mergers, we track the dynamical evolution of the infalling black holes (BHs) around their host’s central BHs (CBHs). From 11 different simulations, we find that, of the 86 infalling BHs with masses >104 M⊙, 36 merge with their host’s CBH, 13 are ejected from their host galaxy, and 37 are still orbiting at z = 0. Across all galaxies, 33 BHs are kicked to a higher orbit after close interactions with the CBH binary or multiple, after which only one of them merged with their hosts. These orbiting BHs should be detectable by their anomalous (not low-mass X-ray binary) spectra. The X-ray luminosities of the orbiting massive BHs at z = 0 are in the range $10^{28}-10^{43}\, \mathrm{erg}~\mathrm{s}^{-1}$, with a currently undetectable median value of $10^{33}\, \mathrm{erg}~\mathrm{s}^{-1}$. However, the most luminous ∼5 per cent should be detectable by existing X-ray facilities.

Funder

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Space Telescope Science Institute

Publisher

Oxford University Press (OUP)

Subject

Space and Planetary Science,Astronomy and Astrophysics

Cited by 6 articles. 订阅此论文施引文献 订阅此论文施引文献,注册后可以免费订阅5篇论文的施引文献,订阅后可以查看论文全部施引文献

1. A vast population of wandering and merging IMBHs at cosmic noon;Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society;2023-08-09

2. Black hole mergers in compact star clusters and massive black hole formation beyond the mass gap;Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society;2022-01-31

3. Origins and demographics of wandering black holes;Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society;2021-03-26

4. Cosmological direct-collapse black hole formation sites hostile for their growth;Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society;2021-01-13

5. Intermediate mass black hole formation in compact young massive star clusters;Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society;2020-11-21

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