Multiwavelength study of the gravitationally lensed blazar QSO B0218+357 between 2016 and 2020-Reference-Cited by-同舟云学术

Multiwavelength study of the gravitationally lensed blazar QSO B0218+357 between 2016 and 2020

Published:2021-11-29 Issue:2 Volume:510 Page:2344-2362
ISSN:0035-8711
Container-title:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
language:en
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Author:

Acciari V A¹,Ansoldi S²,Antonelli L A³,Arbet Engels A⁴,Artero M⁵,Asano K⁶,Baack D⁷,Babić A⁸,Baquero A⁹,Barres de Almeida U¹⁰,Barrio J A⁹,Batković I¹¹,Becerra González J¹,Bednarek W¹²,Bellizzi L¹³,Bernardini E¹⁴,Bernardos M¹¹,Berti A¹⁵,Besenrieder J¹⁶,Bhattacharyya W¹⁴,Bigongiari C³,Biland A⁴,Blanch O⁵,Bonnoli G¹³,Bošnjak Ž⁸,Busetto G¹¹,Carosi R¹⁷,Ceribella G¹⁶,Cerruti M¹⁸,Chai Y¹⁶,Chilingarian A¹⁹,Cikota S⁸,Colak S M⁵,Colombo E¹,Contreras J L⁹,Cortina J²⁰,Covino S³,D’Amico G¹⁶,D’Elia V³,Da Vela P¹⁷,Dazzi F³,De Angelis A¹¹,De Lotto B²,Delfino M⁵,Delgado J⁵,Delgado Mendez C²⁰,Depaoli D¹⁵,Di Pierro F¹⁵,Di Venere L²¹,Do Souto Espiñeira E⁵,Dominis Prester D²²,Donini A²,Dorner D²³,Doro M¹¹,Elsaesser D⁷,Fallah Ramazani V²⁴,Fattorini A⁷,Ferrara G³,Fonseca M V⁹,Font L²⁵,Fruck C¹⁶,Fukami S⁶,García López R J¹,Garczarczyk M¹⁴,Gasparyan S²⁶,Gaug M²⁵,Giglietto N²¹,Giordano F²¹,Gliwny P¹²,Godinović N²⁷,Green J G³,Green D¹⁶,Hadasch D⁶,Hahn A¹⁶,Heckmann L¹⁶,Herrera J¹,Hoang J⁹,Hrupec D²⁸,Hütten M¹⁶,Inada T⁶,Inoue S²⁹,Ishio K¹⁶,Iwamura Y⁶,Jiménez I²⁰,Jormanainen J²⁴,Jouvin L⁵,Kajiwara Y³⁰,Karjalainen M¹,Kerszberg D⁵,Kobayashi Y⁶,Kubo H³⁰,Kushida J³¹,Lamastra A³^ORCID,Lelas D²⁷,Leone F³,Lindfors E²⁴,Lombardi S³,Longo F²,López-Coto R¹¹,López-Moya M⁹,López-Oramas A¹,Loporchio S²¹,Machado de Oliveira Fraga B¹⁰,Maggio C²⁵,Majumdar P³²,Makariev M³³,Mallamaci M¹¹,Maneva G³³,Manganaro M²²,Mannheim K²³,Maraschi L³,Mariotti M¹¹,Martínez M⁵,Mazin D⁶¹⁶,Menchiari S¹³,Mender S⁷,Mićanović S²²,Miceli D²,Miener T⁹,Minev M³³,Miranda J M¹³,Mirzoyan R¹⁶,Molina E¹⁸,Moralejo A⁵,Morcuende D⁹,Moreno V²⁵,Moretti E⁵,Neustroev V³⁴,Nigro C⁵,Nilsson K²⁴,Nishijima K³¹,Noda K⁶,Nozaki S³⁰,Ohtani Y⁶,Oka T³⁰,Otero-Santos J¹,Paiano S³,Palatiello M²,Paneque D¹⁶,Paoletti R¹³,Paredes J M¹⁸,Pavletić L²²,Peñil P⁹,Perennes C¹¹,Persic M²,Prada Moroni P G¹⁷,Prandini E¹¹,Priyadarshi C⁵,Puljak I²⁷,Rhode W⁷,Ribó M¹⁸,Rico J⁵,Righi C³,Rugliancich A¹⁷,Saha L⁹,Sahakyan N²⁶,Saito T⁶,Sakurai S⁶,Satalecka K¹⁴,Saturni F G³,Schleicher B²³,Schmidt K⁷,Schweizer T¹⁶,Sitarek J¹²^ORCID,Šnidarić I³⁵,Sobczynska D¹²,Spolon A¹¹,Stamerra A³,Strom D¹⁶,Strzys M⁶,Suda Y¹⁶,Surić T³⁵,Takahashi M⁶,Tavecchio F³,Temnikov P³³,Terzić T²²,Teshima M¹⁶⁶,Tosti L³⁶,Truzzi S¹³,Tutone A³,Ubach S²⁵,van Scherpenberg J¹⁶,Vanzo G¹,Vazquez Acosta M¹,Ventura S¹³,Verguilov V³³,Vigorito C F¹⁵,Vitale V³⁷,Vovk I⁶,Will M¹⁶,Wunderlich C¹³,Zarić D²⁷,de Palma F³⁸³⁹,D’Ammando F⁴⁰,Barnacka A⁴¹⁴²,Sahu D K⁴³,Hodges M⁴⁴,Hovatta T⁴⁵⁴⁶,Kiehlmann S⁴⁷⁴⁸,Max-Moerbeck W⁴⁹,Readhead A C S⁴⁴,Reeves R⁵⁰,Pearson T J⁴⁴,Lähteenmäki A⁴⁶⁵¹,Björklund I⁴⁶⁵¹,Tornikoski M⁴⁶,Tammi J⁴⁶,Suutarinen S⁴⁶,Hada K⁵²⁵³,Niinuma K⁵⁴

Affiliation:

1. Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias and Dpto. de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain

2. Università di Udine and INFN Trieste, I-33100 Udine, Italy

3. National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), I-00136 Rome, Italy

4. ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland

5. Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain

6. Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan

7. Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany

8. Croatian MAGIC Group: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing (FER), 10000 Zagreb, Croatia

9. IPARCOS Institute and EMFTEL Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain

10. Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas (CBPF), 22290-180 URCA, Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil

11. Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy

12. University of Lodz, Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics, Department of Astrophysics, PL-90-236 Lodz, Poland

13. Università di Siena and INFN Pisa, I-53100 Siena, Italy

14. Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany

15. INFN MAGIC Group: INFN Sezione di Torino and Università degli Studi di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy

16. Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany

17. Università di Pisa and INFN Pisa, I-56126 Pisa, Italy

18. Universitat de Barcelona, ICCUB, IEEC-UB, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain

19. Armenian MAGIC Group: A. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory, 0036 Yerevan, Armenia

20. Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, E-28040 Madrid, Spain

21. INFN MAGIC Group: INFN Sezione di Bari and Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70125 Bari, Italy

22. Croatian MAGIC Group: University of Rijeka, Department of Physics, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia

23. Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany

24. Finnish MAGIC Group: Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland

25. Departament de Física, and CERES-IEEC, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain

26. Armenian MAGIC Group: ICRANet-Armenia at NAS RA, 0019 Yerevan, Armenia

27. Croatian MAGIC Group: University of Split, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture (FESB), 21000 Split, Croatia

28. Croatian MAGIC Group: Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Department of Physics, 31000 Osijek, Croatia

29. Japanese MAGIC Group: RIKEN, Wako, 351-0198 Saitama, Japan

30. Japanese MAGIC Group: Department of Physics, Kyoto University, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan

31. Japanese MAGIC Group: Department of Physics, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, 259-1292 Kanagawa, Japan

32. Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, HBNI, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Salt Lake, Sector-1, Kolkata 700064, India

33. Inst. for Nucl. Research and Nucl. Energy, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, BG-1784 Sofia, Bulgaria

34. Finnish MAGIC Group: Astronomy Research Unit, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland

35. Croatian MAGIC Group: Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia

36. INFN MAGIC Group: INFN Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy

37. INFN MAGIC Group: INFN Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma, Italy

38. Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica ‘E. De Giorgi’, Università del Salento, Lecce, 73100, Italy

39. Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Lecce, I-73100 Lecce, Italy

40. INAF-IRA Bologna, I-40129 Bologna, Italy

41. Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA

42. Astronomical Observatory, Jagiellonian University, ul. Orla 171, PL-30-244 Cracow, Poland

43. Indian Institute of Astrophysics, Bangalore 560034, India

44. Owens Valley Radio Observatory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA

45. Finnish Center for Astronomy with ESO (FINCA), University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland

46. Aalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory, Metsähovintie 114, FI-02540 Kylmälä, Finland

47. Institute of Astrophysics, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece

48. Department of Physics, University of Crete, GR-70013 Heraklion, Greece

49. Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Chile, Camino El Observatorio 1515, Las Condes, Santiago, 7550000, Chile

50. CePIA, Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Conceptión, Concepción, 4030000, Chile

51. Aalto University Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, PO BOX 15500, FI-00076 AALTO, Finland

52. Mizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, Japan

53. Department of Astronomical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan

54. Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida 1677-1, Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan

Abstract

ABSTRACT We report multiwavelength observations of the gravitationally lensed blazar QSO B0218+357 in 2016–2020. Optical, X-ray, and GeV flares were detected. The contemporaneous MAGIC observations do not show significant very high energy (VHE; ≳100 GeV) gamma-ray emission. The lack of enhancement in radio emission measured by The Owens Valley Radio Observatory indicates the multizone nature of the emission from this object. We constrain the VHE duty cycle of the source to be <16 2014-like flares per year (95 per cent confidence). For the first time for this source, a broad-band low-state spectral energy distribution is constructed with a deep exposure up to the VHE range. A flux upper limit on the low-state VHE gamma-ray emission of an order of magnitude below that of the 2014 flare is determined. The X-ray data are used to fit the column density of (8.10 ± 0.93stat) × 1021 cm−2 of the dust in the lensing galaxy. VLBI observations show a clear radio core and jet components in both lensed images, yet no significant movement of the components is seen. The radio measurements are used to model the source-lens-observer geometry and determine the magnifications and time delays for both components. The quiescent emission is modelled with the high-energy bump explained as a combination of synchrotron-self-Compton and external Compton emission from a region located outside of the broad-line region. The bulk of the low-energy emission is explained as originating from a tens-of-parsecs scale jet.

Funder

BMBF

MPG

HGF

INFN

INAF

SNF

MICINN

Department of Atomic Energy, Government of India

University of Tokyo

JSPS

MEXT