Redundant-baseline calibration of the hydrogen epoch of reionization array

Author:

Dillon Joshua S1ORCID,Lee Max1,Ali Zaki S1,Parsons Aaron R1,Orosz Naomi1,Nunhokee Chuneeta Devi1,La Plante Paul12,Beardsley Adam P3,Kern Nicholas S1,Abdurashidova Zara1,Aguirre James E2,Alexander Paul4,Balfour Yanga5,Bernardi Gianni567,Billings Tashalee S2,Bowman Judd D3,Bradley Richard F8,Bull Phil9,Burba Jacob10,Carey Steve4,Carilli Chris L11,Cheng Carina1,DeBoer David R1,Dexter Matt1,de Lera Acedo Eloy4,Ely John4,Ewall-Wice Aaron12,Fagnoni Nicolas4,Fritz Randall5,Furlanetto Steven R13,Gale-Sides Kingsley4,Glendenning Brian11,Gorthi Deepthi1,Greig Bradley14,Grobbelaar Jasper5,Halday Ziyaad5,Hazelton Bryna J1516,Hewitt Jacqueline N12,Hickish Jack1,Jacobs Daniel C3,Julius Austin5,Kerrigan Joshua10,Kittiwisit Piyanat17,Kohn Saul A2,Kolopanis Matthew3,Lanman Adam10,Lekalake Telalo5,Lewis David3,Liu Adrian18,Ma Yin-Zhe19,MacMahon David1,Malan Lourence5,Malgas Cresshim5,Maree Matthys5,Martinot Zachary E2,Matsetela Eunice5,Mesinger Andrei20,Molewa Mathakane5,Morales Miguel F15,Mosiane Tshegofalang5,Murray Steven3,Neben Abraham R12,Nikolic Bojan4,Pascua Robert1,Patra Nipanjana1,Pieterse Samantha5,Pober Jonathan C10,Razavi-Ghods Nima4,Ringuette Jon15,Robnett James11,Rosie Kathryn5,Santos Mario G521,Sims Peter10,Smith Craig5,Syce Angelo5,Tegmark Max12,Thyagarajan Nithyanandan11,Williams Peter K G2223,Zheng Haoxuan12

Affiliation:

1. Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USA

2. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6396, USA

3. School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ85287, USA

4. Cavendish Astrophysics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK

5. South African Radio Astronomy Observatory, Black River Park, 2 Fir Street, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa

6. Department of Physics and Electronics, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa

7. INAF-Istituto di Radioastronomia, via Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy

8. National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Charlottesville, VA 22903-2475, USA

9. Queen Mary University London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK

10. Department of Physics, Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, USA

11. National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Socorro, NM 87801, USA

12. Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA

13. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1547, USA

14. School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia

15. Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA

16. eScience Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA

17. School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban, South Africa

18. Department of Physics and McGill Space Institute, McGill University, 3600 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2T8, Canada

19. School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4000, South Africa

20. Scuola Normale Superiore, I-56126 Pisa, PI, Italy

21. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Western Cape, Cape Town 7535, South Africa

22. Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA

23. American Astronomical Society, Washington, DC 20006, USA

Abstract

ABSTRACT In 21-cm cosmology, precision calibration is key to the separation of the neutral hydrogen signal from very bright but spectrally smooth astrophysical foregrounds. The Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA), an interferometer specialized for 21-cm cosmology and now under construction in South Africa, was designed to be largely calibrated using the self-consistency of repeated measurements of the same interferometric modes. This technique, known as redundant-baseline calibration resolves most of the internal degrees of freedom in the calibration problem. It assumes, however, on antenna elements with identical primary beams placed precisely on a redundant grid. In this work, we review the detailed implementation of the algorithms enabling redundant-baseline calibration and report results with HERA data. We quantify the effects of real-world non-redundancy and how they compare to the idealized scenario in which redundant measurements differ only in their noise realizations. Finally, we study how non-redundancy can produce spurious temporal structure in our calibration solutions – both in data and in simulations – and present strategies for mitigating that structure.

Funder

National Science Foundation

National Research Foundation

Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada

Canadian Institute for Advanced Research

Publisher

Oxford University Press (OUP)

Subject

Space and Planetary Science,Astronomy and Astrophysics

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