Multiwavelength variability and correlation studies of Mrk 421 during historically low X-ray and γ-ray activity in 2015–2016
Author:
Acciari V A1, Ansoldi S23, Antonelli L A4, Asano K3, Babić A5, Banerjee B6ORCID, Baquero A7, de Almeida U Barres8, Barrio J A7, González J Becerra1, Bednarek W9, Bellizzi L10, Bernardini E1112, Bernardos M13, Berti A14, Besenrieder J15, Bhattacharyya W11, Bigongiari C4, Blanch O16, Bonnoli G10, Bošnjak Ž5, Busetto G12, Carosi R17, Ceribella G15, Cerruti M18, Chai Y15, Chilingarian A19, Cikota S5, Colak S M16, Colombo E1, Contreras J L7, Cortina J13, Covino S4, D’Amico G15, D’Elia V4, Da Vela P1720, Dazzi F4, De Angelis A12, De Lotto B2, Delfino M1621, Delgado J1621, Mendez C Delgado13, Depaoli D14, Girolamo T Di14, Pierro F Di14, Venere L Di14, Espi neira E Do Souto16, Prester D Dominis5, Donini A2, Doro M12, Ramazani V Fallah22, Fattorini A23, Ferrara G4, Foffano L12, Fonseca M V7, Font L24, Fruck C15, Fukami S3, López R J García1, Garczarczyk M11, Gasparyan S19, Gaug M24, Giglietto N14, Giordano F14, Gliwny P9, Godinović N5, Green J G4, Green D15, Hadasch D3, Hahn A15, Heckmann L15, Herrera J1, Hoang J7, Hrupec D5, Hütten M15, Inada T3, Inoue S3, Ishio K15, Iwamura Y3, Jormanainen J22, Jouvin L16, Kajiwara Y3, Karjalainen M1, Kerszberg D16, Kobayashi Y3, Kubo H3, Kushida J3, Lamastra A4, Lelas D5, Leone F4, Lindfors E22, Lombardi S4, Longo F225, López M7, López-Coto R12, López-Oramas A1, Loporchio S14, Fraga B Machado de Oliveira8, Maggio C24, Majumdar P6, Makariev M26, Mallamaci M12, Maneva G26, Manganaro M5, Maraschi L4, Mariotti M12, Martínez M16, Mazin D153, Mender S23, Mićanović S5, Miceli D2, Miener T7, Minev M26, Miranda J M10, Mirzoyan R15, Molina E18, Moralejo A16, Morcuende D7, Moreno V24, Moretti E16, Munar-Adrover P24, Neustroev V22, Nigro C16, Nilsson K22, Ninci D16, Nishijima K3, Noda K3, Nozaki S3, Ohtani Y3, Oka T3, Otero-Santos J1, Palatiello M2, Paneque D15, Paoletti R10, Paredes J M18, Pavletić L5, Pe nil P7, Perennes C12, Persic M227, Moroni P G Prada17, Prandini E12, Priyadarshi C16, Puljak I5, Rhode W23, Ribó M18, Rico J16, Righi C4, Rugliancich A17, Saha L7, Sahakyan N19, Saito T3, Sakurai S3, Satalecka K11, Schleicher B28, Schmidt K23, Schweizer T15, Sitarek J9, Šnidarić I5, Sobczynska D9, Spolon A12, Stamerra A4, Strom D15, Strzys M3, Suda Y15, Surić T5, Takahashi M3, Tavecchio F4, Temnikov P26, Terzić T5, Teshima M153, Torres-Albà N18, Tosti L14, Truzzi S10, van Scherpenberg J15, Vanzo G1, Acosta M Vazquez1, Ventura S10, Verguilov V26, Vigorito C F14, Vitale V14, Vovk I3, Will M15, Zarić D5, Arbet-Engels A29, Baack D30, Balbo M31, Beck M29, Biederbeck N30, Biland A29, Bretz T29, Bruegge K30, Buss J30, Dorner D32, Elsaesser D30, Hildebrand D29, Iotov R32, Klinger M29, Mannheim K32, Neise D29, Neronov A31, Noethe M30, Paravac A32, Rhode W30, Schleicher B32, Sliusar V31, Theissen F29, Walter R31, Valverde J33, Horan D33, Giroletti M34, Perri M3536, Verrecchia F3536, Leto C3537, Sadun A C38, Moody J W39, Joner M39, Marscher A P40, Jorstad S G4041, Lähteenmäki A4243, Tornikoski M42, Ramakrishnan V4244, Järvelä E4245, Vera R J C4243, Righini S46, Lien A Y4748
Affiliation:
1. Inst. de Astrofísica de Canarias, E-38200 La Laguna, and Universidad de La Laguna, Dpto. Astrofísica, E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain 2. Università di Udine, and INFN Trieste, I-33100 Udine, Italy 3. Japanese MAGIC Consortium: ICRR, The University of Tokyo, 277-8582 Chiba, Japan; Department of Physics, Kyoto University, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan; Tokai University, 259-1292 Kanagawa, Japan; Physics Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 739-8526 Hiroshima, Japan; Konan University, 658-8501 Hyogo, Japan; RIKEN, 351-0198 Saitama, Japan 4. National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), I-00136 Rome, Italy 5. Croatian Consortium: University of Rijeka, Department of Physics, 51000 Rijeka; University of Split - FESB, 21000 Split; University of Zagreb - FER, 10000 Zagreb; University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek; Rudjer Boskovic Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia 6. Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, HBNI, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Salt Lake, Sector-1, Kolkata 700064, India 7. IPARCOS Institute and EMFTEL Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain 8. Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas (CBPF), 22290-180 URCA, Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brasil 9. University of Lodz, Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics, Department of Astrophysics, 90-236 Lodz, Poland 10. Università di Siena and INFN Pisa, I-53100 Siena, Italy 11. Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany 12. Università di Padova and INFN, I-35131 Padova, Italy 13. Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, E-28040 Madrid, Spain 14. Istituto Nazionale Fisica Nucleare (INFN), 00044 Frascati (Roma) Italy 15. Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany 16. Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain 17. Università di Pisa, and INFN Pisa, I-56126 Pisa, Italy 18. Universitat de Barcelona, ICCUB, IEEC-UB, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain 19. The Armenian Consortium: ICRANet-Armenia at NAS RA, A. Alikhanyan National Laboratory 20. now at University of Innsbruck 21. also at Port d’Informació Científica (PIC) E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona) Spain 22. Finnish MAGIC Consortium: Finnish Centre of Astronomy with ESO (FINCA), University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland; Astronomy Research Unit, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland 23. Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany 24. Departament de Física, and CERES-IEEC, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain 25. also at Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy 26. Inst. for Nucl. Research and Nucl. Energy, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, BG-1784 Sofia, Bulgaria 27. also at INAF-Trieste and Dept. of Physics & Astronomy, University of Bologna 28. Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany 29. ETH Zurich, Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Otto-Stern-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland 30. TU Dortmund, Experimental Physics 5, Otto-Hahn-Str. 4a, 44227 Dortmund, Germany 31. University of Geneva, Department of Astronomy, Chemin dÉcogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland 32. University of Würzburg, Institute for Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, Emil-Fischer-Str. 31, 97074 Würzburg, Germany 33. Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, Ãcole Polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, F-91128 Palaiseau, France 34. INAF - Istituto di Radioastronomia, Bologna, Italy 35. Space Science Data Center (SSDC) - ASI, via del Politecnico, s.n.c., I-00133, Roma, Italy 36. INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, via di Frascati 33, I-00040 Monteporzio, Italy 37. Italian Space Agency, ASI, via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, Italy 38. Department of Physics, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, CO 80217-3364, USA 39. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA 40. Institute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University, 725 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA 41. Astronomical Institute, St.Petersburg State University, Universitetskij Pr. 28, Petrodvorets, 198504 St.Petersburg, Russia 42. Aalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory, Metsähovintie 114, FIN-02540 Kylmälä, Finland 43. Aalto University Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, P.O. Box 15500, FIN-00076 Aalto, Finland 44. Astronomy Department, Universidad de Concepcion, Casilla 160-C, Concepcion, Chile 45. European Space Agency, European Space Astronomy Centre, C/ Bajo el Castillo s/n, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain 46. INAF Istituto di Radioastronomia, Stazione di Medicina, via Fiorentina 3513, I-40059 Villafontana (BO), Italy 47. Astrophysics Science Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA 48. Department of Physics, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
Abstract
Abstract
We report a characterization of the multi-band flux variability and correlations of the nearby (z=0.031) blazar Markarian 421 (Mrk 421) using data from Metsähovi, Swift, Fermi-LAT, MAGIC, FACT and other collaborations and instruments from November 2014 till June 2016. Mrk 421 did not show any prominent flaring activity, but exhibited periods of historically low activity above 1 TeV (F>1TeV < 1.7× 10−12 ph cm−2 s−1) and in the 2-10 keV (X-ray) band (F2 − 10 keV < 3.6 × 10−11 erg cm−2 s−1), during which the Swift-BAT data suggests an additional spectral component beyond the regular synchrotron emission.The highest flux variability occurs in X-rays and very-high-energy (E>0.1 TeV) γ-rays, which, despite the low activity, show a significant positive correlation with no time lag. The HRkeV and HRTeV show the harder-when-brighter trend observed in many blazars, but the trend flattens at the highest fluxes, which suggests a change in the processes dominating the blazar variability. Enlarging our data set with data from years 2007 to 2014, we measured a positive correlation between the optical and the GeV emission over a range of about 60 days centered at time lag zero, and a positive correlation between the optical/GeV and the radio emission over a range of about 60 days centered at a time lag of $43^{+9}_{-6}$ days.This observation is consistent with the radio-bright zone being located about 0.2 parsec downstream from the optical/GeV emission regions of the jet. The flux distributions are better described with a LogNormal function in most of the energy bands probed, indicating that the variability in Mrk 421 is likely produced by a multiplicative process.
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Subject
Space and Planetary Science,Astronomy and Astrophysics
Cited by
23 articles.
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