Clinical Characteristics and Mortality Risks Among Patients With Culture-Proven Coccidioidomycosis Who Are Critically Ill: A Multicenter Study in an Endemic Region

Abstract

Abstract Background Coccidioidomycosis is an endemic mycosis in the southwestern United States. While most infections are mild, severe cases can be devastating. We aimed to describe the clinical characteristics and mortality risks of patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) with culture-proven coccidioidomycosis. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of patients in the ICU with positive Coccidioides spp culture in a large health care system in Arizona between 1 October 2017 and 1 July 2022. All data were entered into REDCap. Results An overall 145 patients were identified and included. The median age was 51 years, with the majority male (69%) and non-Hispanic White (39%). Most patients (n = 104, 72%) had pulmonary coccidioidomycosis, and 41 had extrapulmonary disease (17 meningitis, 13 fungemia, 10 musculoskeletal disease, and 4 pericardial or aortic involvement). Seventy patients (48%) died during hospitalization, and most (91%) received antifungal therapy during hospitalization. In the multivariate logistic regression model, age ≥60 years (odds ratio [OR], 7.0; 95% CI, 2.6–18.8), cirrhosis (OR, 13.1; 95% CI, 1.6–108.8), and mechanical ventilation or vasopressor support (OR, 15.4; 95% CI, 3.9–59.6) were independently associated with increased all-cause mortality, but pre-ICU antifungal use had a statistically insignificant mortality risk association (OR, 0.5; 95% CI, .2–1.2). Conclusions In our study of patients in the ICU with coccidioidomycosis and multiple comorbidities, the mortality rate was high. Older age, cirrhosis, and mechanical ventilation or vasopressor support were significantly associated with high mortality. Future studies are recommended to evaluate those risk factors and the efficacy of rapid diagnosis and early therapy in patients at high risk.