Structure and dynamics of the Ecuador Fracture Zone, Panama Basin

Abstract

SUMMARYIn this study, multiple geophysical data types are used to investigate the structure and dynamics of the Ecuador Fracture Zone—a complex multistranded strike-slip fault system located in the Panama Basin. Gravity modelling reveals a 25–30-km-wide region of ∼3-km-thick, low-density crust beneath this system and an anomalously low-density region in the uppermost mantle. Along both edges, the transition to the ‘normal’ structure and thickness oceanic crust formed at both the Ecuador and Costa Rica Rifts is abrupt. Within the Ecuador Fracture Zone itself, normal faults bound the median ridges. These faults traverse the entire thickness of accumulated sediment and offset the seabed, while sediment layer geometries document multiple phases of relative uplift, with the most recent phase still ongoing. Active extensional faulting, with an approximately spreading ridge-parallel strike, is also observed in 6–7 Ma Costa Rica Rift crust. The median ridges and the transverse ridge at the eastern edge of the Ecuador Fracture Zone also have contrasting crustal density structures. Both median ridges have a lower density crust than between the intervening valleys, while the transverse ridge crust has an equivalent thickness and density structure to that formed at the Costa Rica Rift. The active median valley basement-cutting normal faults allow seawater ingress and alternation of the crustal footwall, and also flow to mantle depth where, based on gravity modelling, 30–50 per cent serpentinization of mantle peridotite occurs. The resulting serpentinite-driven buoyancy acts as the primary control on the observed median ridge relative vertical tectonism. In contrast, the relative uplift of the transverse ridge results from lithospheric flexure in response to a change in spreading direction between the Ecuador and Costa Rica Rifts. Contrary to the widely accepted assumption that fracture zones are tectonically inactive systems, the Ecuador Fracture Zone provides evidence of extension, serpentinization due to ongoing hydrothermal circulation and relative uplift.