Oceanic crust—seismic structure, lithology and the cause of the 2A Event at borehole 504B

Abstract

SUMMARY This study focuses on the 3-D velocity structure and thickness of ∼7-Myr-old oceanic crust surrounding borehole 504B, located ∼235 km from the intermediate-spreading Costa Rica Rift (Panama Basin). It investigates how well seismic structure determined by 3-D tomography compares with actual lithology and, consequently, what the origin and cause might be of an amplitude anomaly, the 2A Event, that is observed in multichannel seismic data. Our P-wave model shows an ∼0.3-km-thick sediment layer of velocity between ∼1.6 and 1.9 km s−1 (gradient 1.0 s−1), bound at its base by a velocity step to 4.8 km s−1 at the top of oceanic crustal Layer 2. Layer 2 itself is subdivided into two main units (2A and 2B) by a vertical velocity gradient change at 4.5 km depth, with a gradient of 1.7 s−1 above (4.8–5.8 km s−1) and 0.7 s−1 below (5.8–6.5 km s−1). The base of Layer 2, in turn, is defined by a change in gradient at 5.6 km depth. Below this, Layer 3 has a velocity range of 6.5–7.5 km s−1 and a gradient of ∼0.3 s−1. Corresponding S-wave igneous layer velocities and gradients are: Layer 2A, 2.4–3.1 km s−1 and 1.0 s−1; Layer 2B, 3.1–3.7 km s−1 and 0.5 s−1; Layer 3, 3.7–4.0 km s−1 and 0.1 s−1. The 3-D tomographic models, coupled with gravity modelling, indicate that the crust is ∼6 km thick throughout the region, with a generally flat-lying Moho. Although the P- and S-wave models are smooth, their velocities and gradients are remarkably consistent with the main lithological layering subdivisions logged within 504B. Thus, using the change in velocity gradient as a proxy, Layer 2 is interpreted as ∼1.8 km thick and Layer 3 as ∼3.8 km thick, with little vertical variation throughout the 3-D volume. However, the strike of lateral gradient variation is not Costa Rica Rift-parallel, but instead follows the orientation of the present-day adjacent Ecuador Rift, suggesting a reorientation of the Costa Rica Rift spreading ridge axis. Having determined its consistency with lithological ground-truth, the resulting P-wave model is used as the basis of finite difference calculation of wave propagation to find the origin of the 2A Event. Our modelling shows that no distinct interface, or transition, is required to generate this event. Instead, it is caused by averaging of heterogeneous physical properties by the seismic wave as it propagates through Layer 2 and is scattered. Thus, we conclude that the 2A Event originates and propagates exclusively in the lower part of Layer 2A, above the mean depth to the top of the dykes of Layer 2B. From our synthetic data we conclude that using the 2A Event on seismic reflection profiles as a proxy to determine the Layer 2A/2B boundary's depth will result in an overestimate of up to several hundred metres, the degree of which being dependent on the specific velocity chosen for normal moveout correction prior to stacking.