Risk of Malaria Following Untreated Subpatent Plasmodium falciparum Infections: Results Over 4 Years From a Cohort in a High-Transmission Area in Western Kenya

Abstract

Abstract Background People with suspected malaria may harbor Plasmodium falciparum undetected by rapid diagnostic test (RDT). The impact of these subpatent infections on the risk of developing clinical malaria is not fully understood. Methods We analyzed subpatent P. falciparum infections using a longitudinal cohort in a high-transmission site in Kenya. Weighted Kaplan-Meier models estimated the risk difference (RD) for clinical malaria during the 60 days following a symptomatic subpatent infection. Stratum-specific estimates by age and transmission season assessed modification. Results Over 54 months, we observed 1128 symptomatic RDT-negative suspected malaria episodes, of which 400 (35.5%) harbored subpatent P. falciparum. Overall, the 60-day risk of developing clinical malaria was low following all episodes (8.6% [95% confidence interval, 6.7%–10.4%]). In the low-transmission season, the risk of clinical malaria was slightly higher in those with subpatent infection, whereas the opposite was true in the high-transmission season (low-transmission season RD, 2.3% [95% confidence interval, .4%–4.2%]; high-transmission season RD, −4.8% [−9.5% to −.05%]). Conclusions The risk of developing clinical malaria among people with undetected subpatent infections is low. A slightly elevated risk in the low-transmission season may merit alternate management, but RDTs identify clinically relevant infections in the high-transmission season.