A standardized framework for testing the performance of sleep-tracking technology: step-by-step guidelines and open-source code

Author:

Menghini Luca12ORCID,Cellini Nicola2345ORCID,Goldstone Aimee1,Baker Fiona C16,de Zambotti Massimiliano1ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA

2. Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy

3. Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy

4. Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padua, Italy

5. Human Inspired Technology Center, University of Padova, Padua, Italy

6. Brain Function Research Group, School of Psychology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

Abstract

Abstract Sleep-tracking devices, particularly within the consumer sleep technology (CST) space, are increasingly used in both research and clinical settings, providing new opportunities for large-scale data collection in highly ecological conditions. Due to the fast pace of the CST industry combined with the lack of a standardized framework to evaluate the performance of sleep trackers, their accuracy and reliability in measuring sleep remains largely unknown. Here, we provide a step-by-step analytical framework for evaluating the performance of sleep trackers (including standard actigraphy), as compared with gold-standard polysomnography (PSG) or other reference methods. The analytical guidelines are based on recent recommendations for evaluating and using CST from our group and others (de Zambotti and colleagues; Depner and colleagues), and include raw data organization as well as critical analytical procedures, including discrepancy analysis, Bland–Altman plots, and epoch-by-epoch analysis. Analytical steps are accompanied by open-source R functions (depicted at https://sri-human-sleep.github.io/sleep-trackers-performance/AnalyticalPipeline_v1.0.0.html). In addition, an empirical sample dataset is used to describe and discuss the main outcomes of the proposed pipeline. The guidelines and the accompanying functions are aimed at standardizing the testing of CSTs performance, to not only increase the replicability of validation studies, but also to provide ready-to-use tools to researchers and clinicians. All in all, this work can help to increase the efficiency, interpretation, and quality of validation studies, and to improve the informed adoption of CST in research and clinical settings.

Funder

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism

Publisher

Oxford University Press (OUP)

Subject

Physiology (medical),Neurology (clinical)

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