1. Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
2. Division of General Surgery, St Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
3. Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
4. ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
5. Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
6. Division of Vascular Surgery, St Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
7. Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia