This book provides a comprehensive overview of numerical cognition by bringing together writing by leading researchers in psychology, neuroscience, and education, covering work using different methodological approaches in humans and animals. During the last decade there had been an explosion of studies and new findings with theoretical and translational implications. This progress has been made thanks to technological advances enabling sophisticated human neuroimaging techniques and neurophysiological studies of monkeys, and to advances in more traditional psychological and educational research. This has resulted in an enormous advance in our understanding of the neural and cognitive mechanisms of numerical cognition. In addition, there has recently been increasing interest and concern about pupils' mathematical achievement, resulting in attempts to use research to guide mathematics instruction in schools, and to develop interventions for children with mathematical difficulties. This book aims to provide a broad and extensive review of the field of numerical cognition, bringing together work from varied areas. The book covers research on important aspects of numerical cognition, involving findings from the areas of developmental psychology, cognitive psychology, human and animal neuroscience, computational modeling, neuropsychology and rehabilitation, learning disabilities education and individual differences, cross-cultural and cross-linguistic studies, and philosophy. It also includes an overview 'navigator' chapter for each section to provide a brief up-to-date review of the current literature, and to introduce and integrate the topics of the chapters in the section.