Revisiting the Agung 1963 volcanic forcing – impact of one or two eruptions
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Published:2019-08-15
Issue:15
Volume:19
Page:10379-10390
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ISSN:1680-7324
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Container-title:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
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language:en
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Short-container-title:Atmos. Chem. Phys.
Author:
Niemeier UlrikeORCID, Timmreck ClaudiaORCID, Krüger KirstinORCID
Abstract
Abstract. In 1963 a series of eruptions of Mt. Agung, Indonesia, resulted in
the third largest eruption of the 20th century and claimed about 1900 lives. Two eruptions of this series injected SO2 into the
stratosphere, which can create a long-lasting stratospheric
sulfate layer. The estimated mass flux of the
first eruption was about twice as large as the mass flux of the
second eruption. We followed the estimated emission profiles and
assumed for the first eruption on 17 March an injection rate of 4.7 Tg SO2 and 2.3 Tg SO2 for the
second eruption on 16 May. The injected sulfur forms a
sulfate layer in the stratosphere. The evolution of sulfur is
nonlinear and depends on the injection rate and aerosol background
conditions. We performed ensembles of two model experiments, one
with a single eruption and a second one with two eruptions. The two smaller
eruptions result in a lower sulfur burden, smaller aerosol particles, and 0.1 to 0.3 Wm−2 (10 %–20 %) lower radiative forcing in monthly mean
global average compared to the individual eruption experiment. The
differences are the consequence of slightly stronger meridional
transport due to different seasons of the eruptions, lower injection
height of the second eruption, and the resulting different aerosol
evolution. Overall, the evolution of the volcanic clouds is different in case
of two eruptions than with a single eruption only. The differences
between the two experiments are significant. We conclude that there
is no justification to use one eruption only and both climatic
eruptions should be taken into account in future emission datasets.
Funder
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft FP7 Environment
Publisher
Copernicus GmbH
Subject
Atmospheric Science
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