Sources and sinks driving sulfuric acid concentrations in contrasting environments: implications on proxy calculations
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Published:2020-10-19
Issue:20
Volume:20
Page:11747-11766
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ISSN:1680-7324
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Container-title:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
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language:en
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Short-container-title:Atmos. Chem. Phys.
Author:
Dada LubnaORCID, Ylivinkka IlonaORCID, Baalbaki RimaORCID, Li Chang, Guo Yishuo, Yan ChaoORCID, Yao Lei, Sarnela Nina, Jokinen TuijaORCID, Daellenbach Kaspar R.ORCID, Yin Rujing, Deng Chenjuan, Chu BiwuORCID, Nieminen TuomoORCID, Wang YonghongORCID, Lin Zhuohui, Thakur Roseline C.ORCID, Kontkanen JenniORCID, Stolzenburg DominikORCID, Sipilä Mikko, Hussein Tareq, Paasonen PauliORCID, Bianchi FedericoORCID, Salma ImreORCID, Weidinger TamásORCID, Pikridas MichaelORCID, Sciare Jean, Jiang Jingkun, Liu YongchunORCID, Petäjä TuukkaORCID, Kerminen Veli-MattiORCID, Kulmala MarkkuORCID
Abstract
Abstract. Sulfuric acid has been shown to be a key driver for new particle formation and subsequent growth in various environments, mainly due to its low volatility. However, direct measurements of gas-phase sulfuric acid are oftentimes not available, and the current sulfuric acid proxies cannot predict, for example, its nighttime concentrations or result in significant discrepancies with measured values. Here, we define the sources and sinks of sulfuric acid in different environments and derive a new physical proxy for sulfuric acid to be utilized in locations and during periods when it is not measured. We used H2SO4 measurements from four different locations: Hyytiälä, Finland; Agia Marina, Cyprus; Budapest, Hungary; and Beijing, China, representing semi-pristine boreal forest, rural environment in the Mediterranean area, urban environment and heavily polluted megacity, respectively. The new proxy takes into account the formation of sulfuric acid from SO2 via OH oxidation and other oxidation pathways, specifically via stabilized Criegee intermediates. The sulfuric acid sinks included in the proxy are its condensation sink (CS) and atmospheric clustering starting from H2SO4 dimer formation. Indeed, we found that the observed sulfuric acid concentration can be explained by the proposed sources and sinks with similar coefficients in the four contrasting environments where we have tested it. Thus, the new proxy is a more flexible and an important improvement over previous proxies. Following the recommendations in this paper, a proxy for a specific location can be derived.
Funder
Academy of Finland European Research Council National Natural Science Foundation of China
Publisher
Copernicus GmbH
Subject
Atmospheric Science
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