Impact of an acceleration of ice sheet melting on monsoon systems

Abstract

Abstract. The study of past climates has demonstrated the occurrence of Heinrich events during which major ice discharges occurred at the polar ice sheet, leading to significant additional sea level rise. Heinrich events strongly influenced the oceanic circulation and global climate. However, standard climate change scenarios (Representative Concentration Pathways or RCPs) do not consider such potential rapid ice sheet collapse; RCPs only consider the dynamic evolution of greenhouse gas emissions. We carried out water-hosing simulations using the Institute Pierre Simon Laplace global Climate Model (IPSL-CM5A) to simulate a rapid melting of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets, equivalent to +1 and +3 m additional sea level rise (SLR). Freshwater inputs were added to the standard RCP8.5 emission scenario over the 21st century. The contribution to the SLR from Greenland or from Antarctic ice sheets has differentiated impacts. The freshwater input in the Antarctic is diluted by the circumpolar current, and its global impact is moderate. Conversely, a rapid melting of the ice sheet in the North Atlantic slows down the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. This slowdown leads to changes in winds, inter-hemispheric temperature and pressure gradients, resulting in a southward shift of the tropical rain belt over the Atlantic and eastern Pacific region. The American and African monsoons are strongly affected and shift to the south. Changes in the North American monsoon occur later, while changes in the South American monsoon start earlier. The North African monsoon is drier during boreal summer, while the southern African monsoon intensifies during austral summer. Simulated changes were not significant for the Asian and Australian monsoons.