The SOuth west FOGs 3D experiment for processes study (SOFOG3D) project

Abstract

<p align="justify"><span>Fog strongly perturbs the aviation, marine and land transportation, leading to human losses and high financial costs. The primary objective of SOFOG3D is to advance our understanding of fog processes at the smallest scale to improve forecasts of fog events by numerical weather prediction (NWP) models.</span></p><p align="justify"><span>Specifically, SOFOG3D conducts process studies on very well documented situations, using synergy between 3D high-resolution Large Eddy Simulation (LES) and unprecedented 3D detailed observations. <span>SOFOG3D will particularly focus on </span><span>the impact </span><span>of surface heterogeneities </span><span>(t</span><span>ypes of vegetation, rivers, </span><span>orography</span><span>)</span><span> on the fog life cycle, </span><span>on fog microphysics properties, </span><span>on </span><span>entrainment at fog top, </span><span>on </span><span>the surface energy </span><span>budget, </span><span>and </span><span>on </span><span>the impact of aerosols. </span><span>SOFOG3D will also investigate how improving the initial conditions of NWP models can improve fog forecasts. To that end,</span> <span>data from </span><span>a ground-based MWR network </span><span>will be </span><span>assimilated</span><span> using </span><span>an innovative</span><span> ensemble-</span><span>based</span><span> variational data assimilation scheme.</span></span></p><p align="justify"><span>A 6 months field experiment took place during wintertime 2019/2020 in the South-West of France to provide 3D mapping of the boundary layer during fog events. The observation strategy is to combine vertical profiles derived from new remote sensing instruments (microwave radiometer (MWR), Doppler cloud radar and Doppler lidars) and balloon-borne in-situ measurements, with local observations provided by a network of surface stations, and a fleet of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) to explore fog spatial heterogeneities. </span></p><p><span><span>Three nested domains </span></span><span><span>has been</span></span><span><span> instrumented</span></span> <span><span>with increasing density </span></span><span><span>to provide observations from regional scale (300x200 km) </span></span><span><span>down </span></span><span><span>to local scale on</span></span> <span><span>the super-site (10x10 km), </span></span><span><span>thanks to Meteo France and </span></span><span>U.K. Meteorological Office </span><span><span>sensors</span></span><span><span>. </span></span><span><span>On the super site</span></span><span><span>, meteorological conditions, visibility, aerosol optical, microphysical and hygroscopic properties, fog microphysics and liquid water content, </span></span><span><span>water deposition, </span></span><span><span>r</span></span><span><span>adiation budget,</span></span> <span><span>heat and momentum fluxes </span></span><span><span>on flux-masts </span></span><span><span>has been</span></span><span><span> performed on</span></span> <span><span>different</span></span><span><span> areas </span></span><span><span>to </span></span><span><span>investigate</span></span> <span><span>the</span></span><span><span> impact</span></span><span><span>s</span></span><span><span> of surface heterogeneities</span></span> <span><span>on </span></span><span><span>fog</span></span><span><span> processes, </span></span><span><span>as well as turbulence anisotropy</span></span><span><span>. </span></span><span><span>Combination of cloud radar and </span></span><span><span>MWR</span></span><span><span> measurements will </span></span><span><span>allow </span></span><span><span>optimal retrieval </span></span><span><span>of </span></span><span><span>temperature, humidity and liquid water </span></span><span><span>content profiles</span></span><span><span>.</span></span></p><p><span>We will present the instrumental set-up that has been deployed during this campaign and discuss the main objectives of the project. An overview of fog events that occurred during the 6 months experiment will be given, and preliminary analysis of data collected during IOPs with a tethered balloon and UAVs will be presented.</span></p>