Effects of heterogeneous reactions on tropospheric chemistry: a global simulation with the chemistry–climate model CHASER V4.0

Abstract

Abstract. This study uses a chemistry–climate model CHASER (MIROC) to explore the roles of heterogeneous reactions (HRs) in global tropospheric chemistry. Three distinct HRs of N2O5, HO2, and RO2 are considered for surfaces of aerosols and cloud particles. The model simulation is verified with EANET and EMEP stationary observations; R/V Mirai ship-based data; ATom1 aircraft measurements; satellite observations by OMI, ISCCP, and CALIPSO-GOCCP; and reanalysis data JRA55. The heterogeneous chemistry facilitates improvement of model performance with respect to observations for NO2, OH, CO, and O3, especially in the lower troposphere. The calculated effects of heterogeneous reactions cause marked changes in global abundances of O3 (−2.96 %), NOx (−2.19 %), CO (+3.28 %), and global mean CH4 lifetime (+5.91 %). These global effects were contributed mostly by N2O5 uptake onto aerosols in the middle troposphere. At the surface, HO2 uptake gives the largest contributions, with a particularly significant effect in the North Pacific region (−24 % O3, +68 % NOx, +8 % CO, and −70 % OH), mainly attributable to its uptake onto clouds. The RO2 reaction has a small contribution, but its global mean negative effects on O3 and CO are not negligible. In general, the uptakes onto ice crystals and cloud droplets that occur mainly by HO2 and RO2 radicals cause smaller global effects than the aerosol-uptake effects by N2O5 radicals (+1.34 % CH4 lifetime, +1.71 % NOx, −0.56 % O3, +0.63 % CO abundances). Nonlinear responses of tropospheric O3, NOx, and OH to the N2O5 and HO2 uptakes are found in the same modeling framework of this study (R>0.93). Although all HRs showed negative tendencies for OH and O3 levels, the effects of HR(HO2) on the tropospheric abundance of O3 showed a small increment with an increasing loss rate. However, this positive tendency turns to reduction at higher rates (>5 times). Our results demonstrate that the HRs affect not only polluted areas but also remote areas such as the mid-latitude sea boundary layer and upper troposphere. Furthermore, HR(HO2) can bring challenges to pollution reduction efforts because it causes opposite effects between NOx (increase) and surface O3 (decrease).