Advancements and Challenges in Electric Energy Storage Systems for Sustainable Transportation

Abstract

The transition towards electrification in transportation systems emerges as a crucial response to the escalating challenge of emissions following the second industrial revolution. With fossil fuels reaching their practical and environmental limits, the shift to electricity as a primary power source has gained momentum, driven by advancements in material engineering and nanotechnology. This paper explores the evolution and current state of electric energy storage systems, including lithium-ion batteries, supercapacitors, and emerging technologies like solid-state and lithium-sulfur batteries, highlighting their performance, advantages, and limitations. The paper comprehensively analyzed the technical, safety, and economic challenges facing current energy storage materials and devices, underscoring the impact of these limitations on the electrification of transportation. Furthermore, the paper discusses potential solutions and future pathways, emphasizing material innovation, policy support, and infrastructure development to overcome existing hurdles. Through a comprehensive analysis, this study aims to provide insights into the role of advanced energy storage systems in facilitating a sustainable and efficient transition to electric transportation, marking a significant stride towards reducing global emissions and enhancing public health.