The challenges associated with fused deposition modelling of high-density polyethylene for facial augmentation implants: a review

Abstract

High-density polyethylene (HDPE) implants are widely employed in craniomaxillofacial augmentation surgery because of their unique ability to bond with tissues for bone repair and functional recovery of the facial areas which are affected by acquired or congenital facial deformities. The direct manufacturing of HDPE implants as patient-specific implants through fused deposition modelling (FDM) has the potential to enhance their clinical performance. However, this approach is restricted by issues such as material shrinkage and part warpage when HDPE is processed through the FDM technology. This review paper presents an overview of FDM of HDPE to produce facial reconstruction implants.