Beneficial Effects of Ceftriaxone Against Pentylenetetrazole-Evoked Convulsions

Abstract

Although considered to be generally safe, a number of β-lactam antibiotics have been associated with epileptic seizures in humans. Furthermore, some β-lactam antibiotics, including ceftriaxone, are used to evoke convulsions under experimental conditions. Recently it was demonstrated that ceftriaxone increased expression of the glutamate transporter (GLT1) and its biochemical and functional activity in the brain of rodents. GLT1 regulates extracellular concentrations of glutamate, an excitatory amino acid involved in the pathogenesis of seizures and epilepsy. Because of its rapid transfer of glutamate into neurons and adjacent glial cells, GLT1 diminishes glutamate toxicity. We investigated whether ceftriaxone (200 mg/kg body wt) administered intraperitoneally (ip) for 6 days could modify the convulsant effects of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ, 100 mg/kg ip) in inbred male BALBcAnNCR and C57 black (BL)/6 mice aged 4 and 12 weeks. Ceftriaxone pretreatment provided significant protective effects against PTZ-evoked generalized clonic convulsions (GCCs), generalized clonic-tonic convulsions (GCTCs), and convulsion-induced mortality during a period of 30 mins after PTZ administration. The incidence of GCCs, GCTCs, and death was statistically significantly lower for BALBcAnNCR mice of both ages, particularly younger mice. The latency time for each of the three parameters was significantly greater, with the exception of GCCs in adult mice. Protective effects of ceftriaxone were also noticed in adult C57BL/6 mice but not in prepubertal C57BL/6 mice. This is the first demonstration of anticonvulsant effects of ceftriaxone or any other β-lactam antibiotic, which are not uniform across the mouse population. Our results provide new insight into the effects of ceftriaxone, which need further investigation.