Annual trends of indoor output measurement results from photovoltaic modules exposed outdoors in Tosu city, Japan

Abstract

Abstract Annual trends of indoor output measurement (P max(stc)) results from photovoltaic modules exposed outdoors in Tosu city from 2012 to 2022 were investigated. The P max(stc) of mono-Si (E-1A), as conventional Si modules, was almost unchanged from 2012 to 2022; however, that of mono-Si (E-1B), as conventional Si modules, decreased after 2019. In the case of Si heterojunction modules, a moderate degradation rate is expected with prolonged exposure. In the case of passivated emitter and rear cell modules, it was found that characteristics due to light and elevated-temperature induced degradation were observed with good reproducibility in 2021 and 2022.