The role of the Sunda shelf biogeographic barrier in the cryptic differentiation ofConus litteratus(Gastropoda: Conidae) across the Indo-Pacific region

Abstract

Geographical and oceanographic processes have influenced the speciation of marine organisms. Cone snails are marine mollusks that show high levels of endemism and a wide distributional range across the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Discontinuities in distributions caused by biogeographic barriers can affect genetic connectivity. Here we analysed the connectivity withinConus litteratususing samples from the Lakshadweep archipelago (Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean) and from the Pacific Ocean. Maximum likelihood analyses based on the mitochondrial cytochromeCoxidase subunit I (COI) and on the non-coding 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) genes revealed cryptic diversity withinC. literatusoccupying distinct oceanographic regions. The intraspecific genetic distances between the two distinct clades ofC. literatusfrom the Arabian Sea and the Pacific Ocean ranged from 7.4% to 7.6% for COI and from 2.4% to 2.8% for 16S rRNA genes, which is larger than the threshold limit for interspecific differentiation. The haplotype network analysis also corroborated the existence of two different lineages withinC. litteratus. The detected genetic discontinuities reflect the effect of the Sunda shelf biogeographic barrier on the allopatric divergence ofC. litteratus.