Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR Cascade Inhibitors: How Mutations Can Result in Therapy Resistance and How to Overcome Resistance

Author:

McCubrey James A.1,Steelman Linda S.1,Chappell William H.1,Abrams Stephen L.1,Franklin Richard A.1,Montalto Giuseppe2,Cervello Melchiorre3,Libra Massimo4,Candido Saverio4,Malaponte Grazia4,Mazzarino Maria C.4,Fagone Paolo4,Nicoletti Ferdinando4,Bäsecke Jörg5,Mijatovic Sanja6,Maksimovic-Ivanic Danijela6,Milella Michele7,Tafuri Agostino8,Chiarini Francesca9,Evangelisti Camilla9,Cocco Lucio10,Martelli Alberto M.910

Affiliation:

1. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA

2. Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy

3. Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare “Alberto Monroy”, Palermo, Italy

4. Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy

5. Department of Medicine, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany

6. Department of Immunology, Instititue for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

7. Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy

8. Sapienza, University of Rome, Department of Cellular Biotechnology and Hematology, Rome, Italy

9. Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council-Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy

10. Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy

Publisher

Impact Journals, LLC

Subject

Oncology

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