1. Department of Health Management and Policy, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
2. Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
3. Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
4. Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesia, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
5. Avera McKennan, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA.
6. Avera eCARE, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA.