1. National Clinician Scholars Program (NCSP), VA HSR&D Center for the Study of Healthcare Innovation, Implementation, and Policy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
2. Department of Systems, Populations and Leadership, University of Michigan School of Nursing, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
3. Department of Acute and Tertiary Care, and School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
4. Department of Critical Care Medicine, and Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
5. Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Section of Palliative Care and Medical Ethics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
6. Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
7. Department of Clinical Care Coordination and Discharge Planning, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Mercy Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
8. Kline School of Law, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
9. Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
10. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
11. Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
12. VA Center for Clinical Management Research, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
13. Center for Bioethics and Social Sciences in Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
14. Department of Health and Community Systems, School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
15. Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
16. Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
17. Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
18. Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
19. Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.