1. Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma, Acute and Critical Care Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
2. Division of Plastic Surgery, Surgical Critical Care and Emergency Surgery, Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
3. Surgical Services, Section of Surgical Critical Care, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
4. Division of Traumatology, Surgical Critical Care and Emergency Surgery, Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.